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IO:DataFileRead

当由于分页在共享内存中不可用，连接等待后端进程从存储中读取所需分页时，会发生 IO:DataFileRead 事件。

支持的引擎版本

Aurora PostgreSQL 的所有版本均支持此等待事件信息。

上下文

所有查询和数据处理 (DML) 操作都会访问缓冲池中的页面。可以诱导读取的语句包括 SELECT、UPDATE 和 DELETE。例如，UPDATE 可以从表或索引中读取页面。如果请求或更新的页面不在共享缓冲池中，则此读取可能会导致 IO:DataFileRead 事件。

由于共享缓冲池是有限的，所以它可以填满。在这种情况下，对不在内存中的页面的请求会强制数据库从磁盘中读取数据块。如果 IO:DataFileRead 事件频繁发生，您的共享缓冲池可能太小，从而无法容纳您的工作负载。对于读取大量不适合缓冲池的行的 SELECT 查询，此问题很严重。有关缓冲池的更多信息，请参阅 缓冲池。

等待次数增加的可能原因

IO:DataFileRead 事件的常见原因包括以下各项：

操作

根据等待事件的原因，我们建议采取不同的操作。

检查谓词筛选条件是否存在生成等待的查询

假设您确定了正在生成 IO:DataFileRead 等待事件的特定查询。您可以使用以下方法识别它们：

我们建议您确定这些查询的谓词（WHERE 子句）中使用了哪些筛选条件。请遵循以下准则：

尽量减少维护操作的影响

维护操作（例如 VACUUM 和 ANALYZE）非常重要。我们建议您不要将其关闭，因为您会找到与这些维护操作相关的 IO:DataFileRead 等待事件。以下方法可以最大限度地减少这些操作的影响：

当以下公式为真时，系统会自动为表触发 Autovacuum 功能。

pg_stat_user_tables.n_dead_tup > (pg_class.reltuples x autovacuum_vacuum_scale_factor) + autovacuum_vacuum_threshold

视图 pg_stat_user_tables 和目录 pg_class 有多个行。一行可以对应于表中的一行。这个公式假设 reltuples 适用于特定的表。参数 autovacuum_vacuum_scale_factor（原定设置为 0.20）和 autovacuum_vacuum_threshold（原定设置为 50 个元组）通常在全局范围内为整个实例设置。但是，您可以为特定表设置不同的值。

查找不必要地占用空间的表

要查找占用超出所需空间的表，请运行以下查询。当此查询由不具有 rds_superuser 角色的数据库用户角色运行时，它只返回有关用户角色有权读取的那些表的信息。PostgreSQL 版本 12 及更高版本支持此查询。

WITH report AS (
   SELECT   schemaname
           ,tblname
           ,n_dead_tup
           ,n_live_tup
           ,block_size*tblpages AS real_size
           ,(tblpages-est_tblpages)*block_size AS extra_size
           ,CASE WHEN tblpages - est_tblpages > 0
              THEN 100 * (tblpages - est_tblpages)/tblpages::float
              ELSE 0
            END AS extra_ratio, fillfactor, (tblpages-est_tblpages_ff)*block_size AS bloat_size
           ,CASE WHEN tblpages - est_tblpages_ff > 0
              THEN 100 * (tblpages - est_tblpages_ff)/tblpages::float
              ELSE 0
            END AS bloat_ratio
           ,is_na
    FROM (
           SELECT  ceil( reltuples / ( (block_size-page_hdr)/tpl_size ) ) + ceil( toasttuples / 4 ) AS est_tblpages
                  ,ceil( reltuples / ( (block_size-page_hdr)*fillfactor/(tpl_size*100) ) ) + ceil( toasttuples / 4 ) AS est_tblpages_ff
                  ,tblpages
                  ,fillfactor
                  ,block_size
                  ,tblid
                  ,schemaname
                  ,tblname
                  ,n_dead_tup
                  ,n_live_tup
                  ,heappages
                  ,toastpages
                  ,is_na
             FROM (
                    SELECT ( 4 + tpl_hdr_size + tpl_data_size + (2*ma)
                               - CASE WHEN tpl_hdr_size%ma = 0 THEN ma ELSE tpl_hdr_size%ma END
                               - CASE WHEN ceil(tpl_data_size)::int%ma = 0 THEN ma ELSE ceil(tpl_data_size)::int%ma END
                           ) AS tpl_size
                           ,block_size - page_hdr AS size_per_block
                           ,(heappages + toastpages) AS tblpages
                           ,heappages
                           ,toastpages
                           ,reltuples
                           ,toasttuples
                           ,block_size
                           ,page_hdr
                           ,tblid
                           ,schemaname
                           ,tblname
                           ,fillfactor
                           ,is_na
                           ,n_dead_tup
                           ,n_live_tup
                          FROM (
                                SELECT  tbl.oid                       AS tblid
                                       ,ns.nspname                    AS schemaname
                                       ,tbl.relname                   AS tblname
                                       ,tbl.reltuples                 AS reltuples
                                       ,tbl.relpages                  AS heappages
                                       ,coalesce(toast.relpages, 0)   AS toastpages
                                       ,coalesce(toast.reltuples, 0)  AS toasttuples
                                       ,psat.n_dead_tup               AS n_dead_tup
                                       ,psat.n_live_tup               AS n_live_tup
                                       ,24                            AS page_hdr
                                       ,current_setting('block_size')::numeric AS block_size
                                       ,coalesce(substring( array_to_string(tbl.reloptions, ' ') FROM 'fillfactor=([0-9]+)')::smallint, 100) AS fillfactor
                                       ,CASE WHEN version()~'mingw32' OR version()~'64-bit|x86_64|ppc64|ia64|amd64' THEN 8 ELSE 4 END        AS ma
                                       ,23 + CASE WHEN MAX(coalesce(null_frac,0)) > 0 THEN ( 7 + count(*) ) / 8 ELSE 0::int END              AS tpl_hdr_size
                                       ,sum( (1-coalesce(s.null_frac, 0)) * coalesce(s.avg_width, 1024) )                                    AS tpl_data_size
                                       ,bool_or(att.atttypid = 'pg_catalog.name'::regtype) OR count(att.attname) <> count(s.attname)         AS is_na
                                  FROM  pg_attribute       AS att
                                  JOIN  pg_class           AS tbl    ON (att.attrelid = tbl.oid)
                                  JOIN  pg_stat_all_tables AS psat   ON (tbl.oid = psat.relid)
                                  JOIN  pg_namespace       AS ns     ON (ns.oid = tbl.relnamespace)
                             LEFT JOIN  pg_stats           AS s      ON (s.schemaname=ns.nspname AND s.tablename = tbl.relname AND s.inherited=false AND s.attname=att.attname)
                             LEFT JOIN  pg_class           AS toast  ON (tbl.reltoastrelid = toast.oid)
                                 WHERE  att.attnum > 0
                                   AND  NOT att.attisdropped
                                   AND  tbl.relkind = 'r'
                              GROUP BY  tbl.oid, ns.nspname, tbl.relname, tbl.reltuples, tbl.relpages, toastpages, toasttuples, fillfactor, block_size, ma, n_dead_tup, n_live_tup
                              ORDER BY  schemaname, tblname
                           ) AS s
                 ) AS s2
       ) AS s3
 ORDER BY bloat_size DESC
)
  SELECT * 
    FROM report 
   WHERE bloat_ratio != 0
 -- AND schemaname = 'public'
 -- AND tblname = 'pgbench_accounts'
;

-- WHERE NOT is_na
--   AND tblpages*((pst).free_percent + (pst).dead_tuple_percent)::float4/100 >= 1

您可以在应用程序中检查表和索引膨胀。有关更多信息，请参阅。

查找占用不必要空间的索引

要查找占用不必要空间的索引，请运行以下查询。

-- WARNING: run with a nonsuperuser role, the query inspects
-- only indexes on tables you have permissions to read.
-- WARNING: rows with is_na = 't' are known to have bad statistics ("name" type is not supported).
-- This query is compatible with PostgreSQL 8.2 and later.

SELECT current_database(), nspname AS schemaname, tblname, idxname, bs*(relpages)::bigint AS real_size,
  bs*(relpages-est_pages)::bigint AS extra_size,
  100 * (relpages-est_pages)::float / relpages AS extra_ratio,
  fillfactor, bs*(relpages-est_pages_ff) AS bloat_size,
  100 * (relpages-est_pages_ff)::float / relpages AS bloat_ratio,
  is_na
  -- , 100-(sub.pst).avg_leaf_density, est_pages, index_tuple_hdr_bm, 
  -- maxalign, pagehdr, nulldatawidth, nulldatahdrwidth, sub.reltuples, sub.relpages 
  -- (DEBUG INFO)
FROM (
  SELECT coalesce(1 +
       ceil(reltuples/floor((bs-pageopqdata-pagehdr)/(4+nulldatahdrwidth)::float)), 0 
       -- ItemIdData size + computed avg size of a tuple (nulldatahdrwidth)
    ) AS est_pages,
    coalesce(1 +
       ceil(reltuples/floor((bs-pageopqdata-pagehdr)*fillfactor/(100*(4+nulldatahdrwidth)::float))), 0
    ) AS est_pages_ff,
    bs, nspname, table_oid, tblname, idxname, relpages, fillfactor, is_na
    -- , stattuple.pgstatindex(quote_ident(nspname)||'.'||quote_ident(idxname)) AS pst, 
    -- index_tuple_hdr_bm, maxalign, pagehdr, nulldatawidth, nulldatahdrwidth, reltuples 
    -- (DEBUG INFO)
  FROM (
    SELECT maxalign, bs, nspname, tblname, idxname, reltuples, relpages, relam, table_oid, fillfactor,
      ( index_tuple_hdr_bm +
          maxalign - CASE -- Add padding to the index tuple header to align on MAXALIGN
            WHEN index_tuple_hdr_bm%maxalign = 0 THEN maxalign
            ELSE index_tuple_hdr_bm%maxalign
          END
        + nulldatawidth + maxalign - CASE -- Add padding to the data to align on MAXALIGN
            WHEN nulldatawidth = 0 THEN 0
            WHEN nulldatawidth::integer%maxalign = 0 THEN maxalign
            ELSE nulldatawidth::integer%maxalign
          END
      )::numeric AS nulldatahdrwidth, pagehdr, pageopqdata, is_na
      -- , index_tuple_hdr_bm, nulldatawidth -- (DEBUG INFO)
    FROM (
      SELECT
        i.nspname, i.tblname, i.idxname, i.reltuples, i.relpages, i.relam, a.attrelid AS table_oid,
        current_setting('block_size')::numeric AS bs, fillfactor,
        CASE -- MAXALIGN: 4 on 32bits, 8 on 64bits (and mingw32 ?)
          WHEN version() ~ 'mingw32' OR version() ~ '64-bit|x86_64|ppc64|ia64|amd64' THEN 8
          ELSE 4
        END AS maxalign,
        /* per page header, fixed size: 20 for 7.X, 24 for others */
        24 AS pagehdr,
        /* per page btree opaque data */
        16 AS pageopqdata,
        /* per tuple header: add IndexAttributeBitMapData if some cols are null-able */
        CASE WHEN max(coalesce(s.null_frac,0)) = 0
          THEN 2 -- IndexTupleData size
          ELSE 2 + (( 32 + 8 - 1 ) / 8) 
          -- IndexTupleData size + IndexAttributeBitMapData size ( max num filed per index + 8 - 1 /8)
        END AS index_tuple_hdr_bm,
        /* data len: we remove null values save space using it fractionnal part from stats */
        sum( (1-coalesce(s.null_frac, 0)) * coalesce(s.avg_width, 1024)) AS nulldatawidth,
        max( CASE WHEN a.atttypid = 'pg_catalog.name'::regtype THEN 1 ELSE 0 END ) > 0 AS is_na
      FROM pg_attribute AS a
        JOIN (
          SELECT nspname, tbl.relname AS tblname, idx.relname AS idxname, 
            idx.reltuples, idx.relpages, idx.relam,
            indrelid, indexrelid, indkey::smallint[] AS attnum,
            coalesce(substring(
              array_to_string(idx.reloptions, ' ')
               from 'fillfactor=([0-9]+)')::smallint, 90) AS fillfactor
          FROM pg_index
            JOIN pg_class idx ON idx.oid=pg_index.indexrelid
            JOIN pg_class tbl ON tbl.oid=pg_index.indrelid
            JOIN pg_namespace ON pg_namespace.oid = idx.relnamespace
          WHERE pg_index.indisvalid AND tbl.relkind = 'r' AND idx.relpages > 0
        ) AS i ON a.attrelid = i.indexrelid
        JOIN pg_stats AS s ON s.schemaname = i.nspname
          AND ((s.tablename = i.tblname AND s.attname = pg_catalog.pg_get_indexdef(a.attrelid, a.attnum, TRUE)) 
          -- stats from tbl
          OR  (s.tablename = i.idxname AND s.attname = a.attname))
          -- stats from functionnal cols
        JOIN pg_type AS t ON a.atttypid = t.oid
      WHERE a.attnum > 0
      GROUP BY 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9
    ) AS s1
  ) AS s2
    JOIN pg_am am ON s2.relam = am.oid WHERE am.amname = 'btree'
) AS sub
-- WHERE NOT is_na
ORDER BY 2,3,4;

查找符合 Autovacuum 操作条件的表

要查找符合 Autovacuum 操作条件的表，请运行以下查询。

--This query shows tables that need vacuuming and are eligible candidates.
--The following query lists all tables that are due to be processed by autovacuum. 
-- During normal operation, this query should return very little.
WITH  vbt AS (SELECT setting AS autovacuum_vacuum_threshold 
              FROM pg_settings WHERE name = 'autovacuum_vacuum_threshold')
    , vsf AS (SELECT setting AS autovacuum_vacuum_scale_factor 
              FROM pg_settings WHERE name = 'autovacuum_vacuum_scale_factor')
    , fma AS (SELECT setting AS autovacuum_freeze_max_age 
              FROM pg_settings WHERE name = 'autovacuum_freeze_max_age')
    , sto AS (SELECT opt_oid, split_part(setting, '=', 1) as param, 
                split_part(setting, '=', 2) as value 
              FROM (SELECT oid opt_oid, unnest(reloptions) setting FROM pg_class) opt)
SELECT
    '"'||ns.nspname||'"."'||c.relname||'"' as relation
    , pg_size_pretty(pg_table_size(c.oid)) as table_size
    , age(relfrozenxid) as xid_age
    , coalesce(cfma.value::float, autovacuum_freeze_max_age::float) autovacuum_freeze_max_age
    , (coalesce(cvbt.value::float, autovacuum_vacuum_threshold::float) + 
         coalesce(cvsf.value::float,autovacuum_vacuum_scale_factor::float) * c.reltuples) 
         as autovacuum_vacuum_tuples
    , n_dead_tup as dead_tuples
FROM pg_class c 
JOIN pg_namespace ns ON ns.oid = c.relnamespace
JOIN pg_stat_all_tables stat ON stat.relid = c.oid
JOIN vbt on (1=1) 
JOIN vsf ON (1=1) 
JOIN fma on (1=1)
LEFT JOIN sto cvbt ON cvbt.param = 'autovacuum_vacuum_threshold' AND c.oid = cvbt.opt_oid
LEFT JOIN sto cvsf ON cvsf.param = 'autovacuum_vacuum_scale_factor' AND c.oid = cvsf.opt_oid
LEFT JOIN sto cfma ON cfma.param = 'autovacuum_freeze_max_age' AND c.oid = cfma.opt_oid
WHERE c.relkind = 'r' 
AND nspname <> 'pg_catalog'
AND (
    age(relfrozenxid) >= coalesce(cfma.value::float, autovacuum_freeze_max_age::float)
    or
    coalesce(cvbt.value::float, autovacuum_vacuum_threshold::float) + 
      coalesce(cvsf.value::float,autovacuum_vacuum_scale_factor::float) * c.reltuples <= n_dead_tup
    -- or 1 = 1
)
ORDER BY age(relfrozenxid) DESC;

响应大量连接

当您监控 Amazon CloudWatch 时，您可能会发现 DatabaseConnections 指标激增。这种增加表示与数据库的连接数量有所增加。我们建议采取以下方法：