Prerequisites Create the resource type development project Model the resource type Implement the Resource handler Test the resource type Submit the resource type Provision the resource in a CloudFormation stack

Walkthrough: Develop a resource type

In this walkthrough, we'll use the CloudFormation CLI to create a sample resource type, Example::Testing::WordPress. This includes modeling the schema, developing the handlers to test those handlers, all the way to performing a dry run to get the resource type ready to submit to the CloudFormation registry. We'll be coding our new resource type in Java, and using the us-west-2 Region.

Note

This walkthrough may reference sample resources that have been deleted. For a resource creation workflow, including a walkthrough of an example resource type in Python, see the Resource Types walkthrough in the Amazon CloudFormation Workshop.

Prerequisites

For purposes of this walkthrough, it's assumed you have already set up the CloudFormation CLI and associated tooling for your Java development environment:

Setting up your environment for developing extensions

Create the resource type development project

Before we can actually design and implement our resource type, we'll need to generate a new resource type project, and then import it into our IDE.

Note

This walkthrough uses the Community Edition of the IntelliJ IDEA.

Initiate the project

Use the init command to create your resource type project and generate the files it requires.
```
$ cfn init
Initializing new project
```
The init command launches a wizard that walks you through setting up the project, including specifying the resource name. For this walkthrough, specify Example::Testing::WordPress.
```
Enter resource type identifier (Organization::Service::Resource): Example::Testing::WordPress
```
The wizard then enables you to select the appropriate language plugin. Currently, the only language plugin available is for Java:
```
One language plugin found, defaulting to java
```

Specify the package name. For this walkthrough, use com.example.testing.wordpress


Enter a package name (empty for default 'com.example.testing.wordpress'): com.example.testing.wordpress
Initialized a new project in /workplace/tobflem/example-testing-wordpress

Initiating the project includes generating the files needed to develop the resource type. For example:

$ ls -1
README.md
example-testing-wordpress.json
lombok.config
pom.xml
rpdk.log
src
target
template.yml

Import the project into your IDE

In order to guarantee that any project dependencies are correctly resolved, you must import the generated project into your IDE with Maven support.

For example, if you are using IntelliJ IDEA, you would need to do the following:

From the File menu, choose New, then choose Project From Existing Sources.
Navigate to the project directory.
In the Import Project dialog box, choose Import project from external model and then choose Maven.
Choose Next and accept any defaults to complete importing the project.

Model the resource type

When you initiate the resource type project, an example resource type schema file is included to help start you modeling your resource type. This is a JSON file named for your resource, and contains an example of a typical resource type schema. In the case of our example resource, the schema file is named example-testing-wordpress.json.

In your IDE, open example-testing-wordpress.json.

Paste the following schema in place of the default example schema currently in the file.

This schema defines a resource, Example::Testing::WordPress, that provisions a WordPress site. The resource itself contains four properties, only two of which can be set by users: Name, and SubnetId. The other two properties, InstanceId and PublicIp, are read-only, meaning they can't be set by users, but will be assigned during resource creation. Both of these properties also serve as identifiers for the resource when it's provisioned.

As we'll see later in the walkthrough, creating a WordPress site actually requires more information than represented in our resource model. However, we'll be handling that information on behalf of the user in the code for the resource create handler.


{
  "typeName": "Example::Testing::WordPress",
  "description": "An example resource that creates a website based on WordPress 5.2.2.",
  "sourceUrl": "https://docs.aws.amazon.com/cloudformation-cli/latest/userguide/resource-type-walkthrough.html",
  "properties": {
    "Name": {
      "description": "A name associated with the website.",
      "type": "string",
      "pattern": "^[a-zA-Z0-9]{1,219}\\Z",
      "minLength": 1,
      "maxLength": 219
    },
    "SubnetId": {
      "description": "A subnet in which to host the website.",
      "pattern": "^(subnet-[a-f0-9]{13})|(subnet-[a-f0-9]{8})\\Z",
      "type": "string"
    },
    "InstanceId": {
      "description": "The ID of the instance that backs the WordPress site.",
      "type": "string"
    },
    "PublicIp": {
      "description": "The public IP for the WordPress site.",
      "type": "string"
    }
  },
  "required": [
    "Name",
    "SubnetId"
  ],
"handlers": {
    "create": {
      "permissions": [
        "ec2:AuthorizeSecurityGroupIngress",
        "ec2:CreateSecurityGroup",
        "ec2:DeleteSecurityGroup",
        "ec2:DescribeInstances",
        "ec2:DescribeSubnets",
        "ec2:CreateTags",
        "ec2:RunInstances"
      ]
    },
    "read": {
      "permissions": [
        "ec2:DescribeInstances"
      ]
    },
    "delete": {
      "permissions": [
        "ec2:DeleteSecurityGroup",
        "ec2:DescribeInstances",
        "ec2:TerminateInstances"
      ]
    }
  },
  "additionalProperties": false,
  "primaryIdentifier": [
    "/properties/PublicIp",
    "/properties/InstanceId"
  ],
  "readOnlyProperties": [
    "/properties/PublicIp",
    "/properties/InstanceId"
  ]
}

Update the auto-generated files in the resource type package so that they reflect the changes we've made to the resource type schema.

When we first initiated the resource type project, the CloudFormation CLI generated supporting files and code for our resource type. Since we've made changes to the resource type schema, we'll need to regenerate that code to ensure that it reflects the updated schema. To do this, we use the generate command:
```
$ cfn generate
Generated files for Example::Testing::WordPress
```
Note
When using Maven, as part of the build process the generate command is automatically run before the code is compiled. So your changes will never get out of sync with the generated code.
Be aware the CloudFormation CLI must be in a location Maven/the system can find. For more information, see Setting up your environment for developing extensions.

Implement the Resource handler

Now that we have our resource type schema specified, we can start implementing the behavior we want the resource type to exhibit during each resource operation. To do this, we'll have to implement the various event handlers, including:

Adding any necessary dependencies
Writing code to implement the various resource operation handlers.

Add dependencies

To actually make WordPress handlers that call the associated Amazon EC2 API operations, we need to declare the Amazon EC2 SDK as a dependency in Maven's pom.xml file. To enable this, we need to add a dependency on the Amazon SDK for Java to the project.

In your IDE, open the project's pom.xml file.

Add the following dependency in the dependencies section.


<dependency>
  <groupId>com.amazonaws</groupId>
  <artifactId>aws-java-sdk-ec2</artifactId>
  <version>1.11.606</version>
</dependency>

This artifact will be added by Maven from the Maven Repository.

For more information on how to add dependencies, see the Maven documentation.

Note

Depending on your IDE, you may have to take additional steps for your IDE to include the new dependency.

In IntelliJ IDEA, a dialog should appear to enable you to import these changes. We recommend allowing automatic importing.

Implement the Create handler

With the necessary dependency specified, we can now start writing the handlers that actually implement the resource's functionality. For our example resource, we'll implement just the create and delete operation handlers.

To create a WordPress site, our resource create handler will have to accomplish the following:

Gather and define inputs that we'll need to create the underlying Amazon resources on behalf of the user. These are details we're managing for them, since this is a very high-level resource type.
Create an Amazon EC2 instance using a special AMI vended by Bitnami from the AMI Marketplace that bootstraps WordPress.
Create a security group that the instance will belong to so you can access the WordPress site from your browser.
Change the security group rules to dictate what the networking rules are for web access to the WordPress site.
If something goes wrong with creating the resource, attempt to delete the security group.

Define the CallbackContext

Because our create handler is more complex than simply calling a single API, it takes some time to complete. However, each handler times out after one minute. To work around this issue, we'll write our handlers as state machines. A handler can exit with one of three states: SUCCESS, IN_PROGRESS, and FAILED. To wait on stabilization of underlying resources, we can return an IN_PROGRESS state with a CallbackContext. The CallbackContext will hold details about the current state of the execution. When we return an IN_PROGRESS state and a CallbackContext, CloudFormation will re-invoke the handler and pass the CallbackContext in with the request. You can then make decisions based on what is included in the context.

The CallbackContext is modeled as a POJO so you can define what information you want to pass between state transitions explicitly.

In your IDE, open the CallbackContext.java file, located in the src/main/java/com/example/testing/wordpress folder.

Replace the entire contents of the CallbackContext.java file with the following code.


package com.example.testing.wordpress;

import com.amazonaws.services.ec2.model.Instance;

import java.util.List;

import lombok.AllArgsConstructor;
import lombok.Builder;
import lombok.Data;
import lombok.NoArgsConstructor;

@Builder(toBuilder = true)
@Data
@NoArgsConstructor
@AllArgsConstructor
public class CallbackContext {
    private Instance instance;
    private Integer stabilizationRetriesRemaining;
    private List<String> instanceSecurityGroups;
}

Code the Create handler

In your IDE, open the CreateHandler.java file, located in the src/main/java/com/example/testing/wordpress/CreateHandler.java folder.

Replace the entire contents of the CreateHandler.java file with the following code.


package com.example.testing.wordpress;

import software.amazon.cloudformation.proxy.AmazonWebServicesClientProxy;
import software.amazon.cloudformation.proxy.Logger;
import software.amazon.cloudformation.proxy.OperationStatus;
import software.amazon.cloudformation.proxy.ProgressEvent;
import software.amazon.cloudformation.proxy.ResourceHandlerRequest;
import com.amazonaws.services.ec2.AmazonEC2;
import com.amazonaws.services.ec2.AmazonEC2ClientBuilder;
import com.amazonaws.services.ec2.model.AuthorizeSecurityGroupIngressRequest;
import com.amazonaws.services.ec2.model.CreateSecurityGroupRequest;
import com.amazonaws.services.ec2.model.DeleteSecurityGroupRequest;
import com.amazonaws.services.ec2.model.DescribeInstancesRequest;
import com.amazonaws.services.ec2.model.DescribeInstancesResult;
import com.amazonaws.services.ec2.model.DescribeSubnetsRequest;
import com.amazonaws.services.ec2.model.DescribeSubnetsResult;
import com.amazonaws.services.ec2.model.Instance;
import com.amazonaws.services.ec2.model.InstanceNetworkInterfaceSpecification;
import com.amazonaws.services.ec2.model.IpPermission;
import com.amazonaws.services.ec2.model.IpRange;
import com.amazonaws.services.ec2.model.Reservation;
import com.amazonaws.services.ec2.model.RunInstancesRequest;
import com.amazonaws.services.ec2.model.Subnet;
import com.amazonaws.services.ec2.model.Tag;
import com.amazonaws.services.ec2.model.TagSpecification;

import java.util.List;
import java.util.UUID;

public class CreateHandler extends BaseHandler<CallbackContext> {
    private static final String SUPPORTED_REGION = "us-west-2";
    private static final String WORDPRESS_AMI_ID = "ami-04fb0368671b6f138";
    private static final String INSTANCE_TYPE = "m4.large";
    private static final String SITE_NAME_TAG_KEY = "Name";
    private static final String AVAILABLE_INSTANCE_STATE = "running";
    private static final int NUMBER_OF_STATE_POLL_RETRIES = 60;
    private static final int POLL_RETRY_DELAY_IN_MS = 5000;
    private static final String TIMED_OUT_MESSAGE = "Timed out waiting for instance to become available.";

    private AmazonWebServicesClientProxy clientProxy;
    private AmazonEC2 ec2Client;

    @Override
    public ProgressEvent<ResourceModel, CallbackContext> handleRequest(
        final AmazonWebServicesClientProxy proxy,
        final ResourceHandlerRequest<ResourceModel> request,
        final CallbackContext callbackContext,
        final Logger logger) {

        final ResourceModel model = request.getDesiredResourceState();

        clientProxy = proxy;
        ec2Client = AmazonEC2ClientBuilder.standard().withRegion(SUPPORTED_REGION).build();
        final CallbackContext currentContext = callbackContext == null ?
                                               CallbackContext.builder().stabilizationRetriesRemaining(NUMBER_OF_STATE_POLL_RETRIES).build() :
                                               callbackContext;

        // This Lambda will continually be re-invoked with the current state of the instance, finally succeeding when state stabilizes.
        return createInstanceAndUpdateProgress(model, currentContext);
    }

    private ProgressEvent<ResourceModel, CallbackContext> createInstanceAndUpdateProgress(ResourceModel model, CallbackContext callbackContext) {
        // This Lambda will continually be re-invoked with the current state of the instance, finally succeeding when state stabilizes.
        final Instance instanceStateSoFar = callbackContext.getInstance();

        if (callbackContext.getStabilizationRetriesRemaining() == 0) {
            throw new RuntimeException(TIMED_OUT_MESSAGE);
        }

        if (instanceStateSoFar == null) {
            return ProgressEvent.<ResourceModel, CallbackContext>builder()
                .resourceModel(model)
                .status(OperationStatus.IN_PROGRESS)
                .callbackContext(CallbackContext.builder()
                                                .instance(createEC2Instance(model))
                                                .stabilizationRetriesRemaining(NUMBER_OF_STATE_POLL_RETRIES)
                                                .build())
                .build();
        } else if (instanceStateSoFar.getState().getName().equals(AVAILABLE_INSTANCE_STATE)) {
            model.setInstanceId(instanceStateSoFar.getInstanceId());
            model.setPublicIp(instanceStateSoFar.getPublicIpAddress());
            return ProgressEvent.<ResourceModel, CallbackContext>builder()
                .resourceModel(model)
                .status(OperationStatus.SUCCESS)
                .build();

        } else {
            try {
                Thread.sleep(POLL_RETRY_DELAY_IN_MS);
            } catch (InterruptedException e) {
                throw new RuntimeException(e);
            }
            return ProgressEvent.<ResourceModel, CallbackContext>builder()
                .resourceModel(model)
                .status(OperationStatus.IN_PROGRESS)
                .callbackContext(CallbackContext.builder()
                                                .instance(updatedInstanceProgress(instanceStateSoFar.getInstanceId()))
                                                .stabilizationRetriesRemaining(callbackContext.getStabilizationRetriesRemaining() - 1)
                                                .build())
                .build();
        }
    }

    private Instance createEC2Instance(ResourceModel model) {
        final String securityGroupId = createSecurityGroupForInstance(model);
        final RunInstancesRequest runInstancesRequest = new RunInstancesRequest()
            .withInstanceType(INSTANCE_TYPE)
            .withImageId(WORDPRESS_AMI_ID)
            .withNetworkInterfaces(new InstanceNetworkInterfaceSpecification()
                                       .withAssociatePublicIpAddress(true)
                                       .withDeviceIndex(0)
                                       .withGroups(securityGroupId)
                                       .withSubnetId(model.getSubnetId()))
            .withMaxCount(1)
            .withMinCount(1)
            .withTagSpecifications(buildTagFromSiteName(model.getName()));

        try {
            return clientProxy.injectCredentialsAndInvoke(runInstancesRequest, ec2Client::runInstances)
                              .getReservation()
                              .getInstances()
                              .stream()
                              .findFirst()
                              .orElse(new Instance());
        } catch (Throwable e) {
            attemptToCleanUpSecurityGroup(securityGroupId);
            throw new RuntimeException(e);
        }
    }

    private String createSecurityGroupForInstance(ResourceModel model) {
        String vpcId;
        try {
            vpcId = getVpcIdFromSubnetId(model.getSubnetId());
        } catch (Throwable e) {
            throw new RuntimeException(e);
        }

        final String securityGroupName = model.getName() + "-" + UUID.randomUUID().toString();

        final CreateSecurityGroupRequest createSecurityGroupRequest = new CreateSecurityGroupRequest()
            .withGroupName(securityGroupName)
            .withDescription("Created for the test WordPress blog: " + model.getName())
            .withVpcId(vpcId);

        final String securityGroupId =
            clientProxy.injectCredentialsAndInvoke(createSecurityGroupRequest, ec2Client::createSecurityGroup)
                       .getGroupId();

        final AuthorizeSecurityGroupIngressRequest authorizeSecurityGroupIngressRequest = new AuthorizeSecurityGroupIngressRequest()
            .withGroupId(securityGroupId)
            .withIpPermissions(openHTTP(), openHTTPS());

        clientProxy.injectCredentialsAndInvoke(authorizeSecurityGroupIngressRequest, ec2Client::authorizeSecurityGroupIngress);

        return securityGroupId;
    }

    private String getVpcIdFromSubnetId(String subnetId) throws Throwable {
        final DescribeSubnetsRequest describeSubnetsRequest = new DescribeSubnetsRequest()
            .withSubnetIds(subnetId);

        final DescribeSubnetsResult describeSubnetsResult =
            clientProxy.injectCredentialsAndInvoke(describeSubnetsRequest, ec2Client::describeSubnets);

        return describeSubnetsResult.getSubnets()
                                    .stream()
                                    .map(Subnet::getVpcId)
                                    .findFirst()
                                    .orElseThrow(() -> {
                                        throw new RuntimeException("Subnet " + subnetId + " not found");
                                    });
    }

    private IpPermission openHTTP() {
        return new IpPermission().withIpProtocol("tcp")
                                 .withFromPort(80)
                                 .withToPort(80)
                                 .withIpv4Ranges(new IpRange().withCidrIp("0.0.0.0/0"));
    }

    private IpPermission openHTTPS() {
        return new IpPermission().withIpProtocol("tcp")
                                 .withFromPort(443)
                                 .withToPort(443)
                                 .withIpv4Ranges(new IpRange().withCidrIp("0.0.0.0/0"));
    }

    private TagSpecification buildTagFromSiteName(String siteName) {
        return new TagSpecification()
            .withResourceType("instance")
            .withTags(new Tag().withKey(SITE_NAME_TAG_KEY).withValue(siteName));
    }

    private Instance updatedInstanceProgress(String instanceId) {
        DescribeInstancesRequest describeInstancesRequest;
        DescribeInstancesResult describeInstancesResult;

        describeInstancesRequest = new DescribeInstancesRequest().withInstanceIds(instanceId);
        describeInstancesResult = clientProxy.injectCredentialsAndInvoke(describeInstancesRequest, ec2Client::describeInstances);
        return describeInstancesResult.getReservations()
                                      .stream()
                                      .map(Reservation::getInstances)
                                      .flatMap(List::stream)
                                      .findFirst()
                                      .orElse(new Instance());
    }

    private void attemptToCleanUpSecurityGroup(String securityGroupId) {
        final DeleteSecurityGroupRequest deleteSecurityGroupRequest = new DeleteSecurityGroupRequest().withGroupId(securityGroupId);
        clientProxy.injectCredentialsAndInvoke(deleteSecurityGroupRequest, ec2Client::deleteSecurityGroup);
    }
}

Update the Create handler unit test

Because our resource type is a high-level abstraction, a lot of implementation behavior isn't apparent by the name alone. As such, we'll need to make some additions to our unit tests so that we're not calling the live API operations that are necessary to create the WordPress site.

In your IDE, open the CreateHandlerTest.java file, located in the src/test/java/com/example/testing/wordpress folder.

Replace the entire contents of the CreateHandlerTest.java file with the following code.


package com.example.testing.wordpress;

import software.amazon.cloudformation.proxy.AmazonWebServicesClientProxy;
import software.amazon.cloudformation.proxy.Logger;
import software.amazon.cloudformation.proxy.OperationStatus;
import software.amazon.cloudformation.proxy.ProgressEvent;
import software.amazon.cloudformation.proxy.ResourceHandlerRequest;
import com.amazonaws.services.ec2.model.AuthorizeSecurityGroupIngressRequest;
import com.amazonaws.services.ec2.model.AuthorizeSecurityGroupIngressResult;
import com.amazonaws.services.ec2.model.CreateSecurityGroupRequest;
import com.amazonaws.services.ec2.model.CreateSecurityGroupResult;
import com.amazonaws.services.ec2.model.DescribeInstancesRequest;
import com.amazonaws.services.ec2.model.DescribeInstancesResult;
import com.amazonaws.services.ec2.model.DescribeSubnetsRequest;
import com.amazonaws.services.ec2.model.DescribeSubnetsResult;
import com.amazonaws.services.ec2.model.GroupIdentifier;
import com.amazonaws.services.ec2.model.Instance;
import com.amazonaws.services.ec2.model.InstanceState;
import com.amazonaws.services.ec2.model.Reservation;
import com.amazonaws.services.ec2.model.RunInstancesRequest;
import com.amazonaws.services.ec2.model.RunInstancesResult;
import com.amazonaws.services.ec2.model.Subnet;

import org.junit.jupiter.api.BeforeEach;
import org.junit.jupiter.api.Test;
import org.junit.jupiter.api.extension.ExtendWith;
import org.mockito.Mock;
import org.mockito.junit.jupiter.MockitoExtension;


import static org.assertj.core.api.Assertions.assertThat;
import static org.mockito.ArgumentMatchers.any;
import static org.mockito.Mockito.doReturn;
import static org.mockito.Mockito.mock;

@ExtendWith(MockitoExtension.class)
public class CreateHandlerTest {
    private static String EXPECTED_TIMEOUT_MESSAGE = "Timed out waiting for instance to become available.";

    @Mock
    private AmazonWebServicesClientProxy proxy;

    @Mock
    private Logger logger;

    @BeforeEach
    public void setup() {
        proxy = mock(AmazonWebServicesClientProxy.class);
        logger = mock(Logger.class);
    }

    @Test
    public void testSuccessState() {
        final InstanceState inProgressState = new InstanceState().withName("running");
        final GroupIdentifier group = new GroupIdentifier().withGroupId("sg-1234");
        final Instance instance = new Instance().withInstanceId("i-1234").withState(inProgressState).withPublicIpAddress("54.0.0.0").withSecurityGroups(group);

        final CreateHandler handler = new CreateHandler();

        final ResourceModel model = ResourceModel.builder()
                                                 .name("MyWordPressSite")
                                                 .subnetId("subnet-1234")
                                                 .build();

        final ResourceModel desiredOutputModel = ResourceModel.builder()
                                                              .instanceId("i-1234")
                                                              .publicIp("54.0.0.0")
                                                              .name("MyWordPressSite")
                                                              .subnetId("subnet-1234")
                                                              .build();

        final ResourceHandlerRequest<ResourceModel> request = ResourceHandlerRequest.<ResourceModel>builder()
            .desiredResourceState(model)
            .build();

        final CallbackContext context = CallbackContext.builder()
                                                       .stabilizationRetriesRemaining(1)
                                                       .instance(instance)
                                                       .build();

        final ProgressEvent<ResourceModel, CallbackContext> response
            = handler.handleRequest(proxy, request, context, logger);

        assertThat(response).isNotNull();
        assertThat(response.getStatus()).isEqualTo(OperationStatus.SUCCESS);
        assertThat(response.getCallbackContext()).isNull();
        assertThat(response.getCallbackDelaySeconds()).isEqualTo(0);
        assertThat(response.getResourceModel()).isEqualTo(desiredOutputModel);
        assertThat(response.getResourceModels()).isNull();
        assertThat(response.getMessage()).isNull();
        assertThat(response.getErrorCode()).isNull();
    }

    @Test
    public void testInProgressStateInstanceCreationNotInvoked() {
        final InstanceState inProgressState = new InstanceState().withName("in-progress");
        final GroupIdentifier group = new GroupIdentifier().withGroupId("sg-1234");
        final Instance instance = new Instance().withState(inProgressState).withPublicIpAddress("54.0.0.0").withSecurityGroups(group);
        doReturn(new DescribeSubnetsResult().withSubnets(new Subnet().withVpcId("vpc-1234"))).when(proxy).injectCredentialsAndInvoke(any(DescribeSubnetsRequest.class), any());
        doReturn(new RunInstancesResult().withReservation(new Reservation().withInstances(instance))).when(proxy).injectCredentialsAndInvoke(any(RunInstancesRequest.class), any());
        doReturn(new CreateSecurityGroupResult().withGroupId("sg-1234")).when(proxy).injectCredentialsAndInvoke(any(CreateSecurityGroupRequest.class), any());
        doReturn(new AuthorizeSecurityGroupIngressResult()).when(proxy).injectCredentialsAndInvoke(any(AuthorizeSecurityGroupIngressRequest.class), any());

        final CreateHandler handler = new CreateHandler();

        final ResourceModel model = ResourceModel.builder().name("MyWordPressSite").subnetId("subnet-1234").build();

        final ResourceHandlerRequest<ResourceModel> request = ResourceHandlerRequest.<ResourceModel>builder()
            .desiredResourceState(model)
            .build();

        final ProgressEvent<ResourceModel, CallbackContext> response
            = handler.handleRequest(proxy, request, null, logger);

        final CallbackContext desiredOutputContext = CallbackContext.builder()
                                                                    .stabilizationRetriesRemaining(60)
                                                                    .instance(instance)
                                                                    .build();
        assertThat(response).isNotNull();
        assertThat(response.getStatus()).isEqualTo(OperationStatus.IN_PROGRESS);
        assertThat(response.getCallbackContext()).isEqualToComparingFieldByField(desiredOutputContext);
        assertThat(response.getCallbackDelaySeconds()).isEqualTo(0);
        assertThat(response.getResourceModel()).isEqualTo(request.getDesiredResourceState());
        assertThat(response.getResourceModels()).isNull();
        assertThat(response.getMessage()).isNull();
        assertThat(response.getErrorCode()).isNull();
    }

    @Test
    public void testInProgressStateInstanceCreationInvoked() {
        final InstanceState inProgressState = new InstanceState().withName("in-progress");
        final GroupIdentifier group = new GroupIdentifier().withGroupId("sg-1234");
        final Instance instance = new Instance().withState(inProgressState).withPublicIpAddress("54.0.0.0").withSecurityGroups(group);
        final DescribeInstancesResult describeInstancesResult =
            new DescribeInstancesResult().withReservations(new Reservation().withInstances(instance));

        doReturn(describeInstancesResult).when(proxy).injectCredentialsAndInvoke(any(DescribeInstancesRequest.class), any());

        final CreateHandler handler = new CreateHandler();

        final ResourceModel model = ResourceModel.builder().name("MyWordPressSite").subnetId("subnet-1234").build();

        final ResourceHandlerRequest<ResourceModel> request = ResourceHandlerRequest.<ResourceModel>builder()
            .desiredResourceState(model)
            .build();

        final CallbackContext context = CallbackContext.builder()
                                                       .stabilizationRetriesRemaining(60)
                                                       .instance(instance)
                                                       .build();

        final ProgressEvent<ResourceModel, CallbackContext> response
            = handler.handleRequest(proxy, request, context, logger);

        final CallbackContext desiredOutputContext = CallbackContext.builder()
                                                                    .stabilizationRetriesRemaining(59)
                                                                    .instance(instance)
                                                                    .build();

        assertThat(response).isNotNull();
        assertThat(response.getStatus()).isEqualTo(OperationStatus.IN_PROGRESS);
        assertThat(response.getCallbackContext()).isEqualToComparingFieldByField(desiredOutputContext);
        assertThat(response.getCallbackDelaySeconds()).isEqualTo(0);
        assertThat(response.getResourceModel()).isEqualTo(request.getDesiredResourceState());
        assertThat(response.getResourceModels()).isNull();
        assertThat(response.getMessage()).isNull();
        assertThat(response.getErrorCode()).isNull();
    }

    @Test
    public void testStabilizationTimeout() {
        final CreateHandler handler = new CreateHandler();

        final ResourceModel model = ResourceModel.builder().name("MyWordPressSite").subnetId("subnet-1234").build();

        final ResourceHandlerRequest<ResourceModel> request = ResourceHandlerRequest.<ResourceModel>builder()
            .desiredResourceState(model)
            .build();

        final CallbackContext context = CallbackContext.builder()
                                                       .stabilizationRetriesRemaining(0)
                                                       .instance(new Instance().withState(new InstanceState().withName("in-progress")))
                                                       .build();

        try {
            handler.handleRequest(proxy, request, context, logger);
        } catch (RuntimeException e) {
            assertThat(e.getMessage()).isEqualTo(EXPECTED_TIMEOUT_MESSAGE);
        }
    }
}

Implement the Delete handler

We'll also need to implement a delete handler. At a high level, the delete handler needs to accomplish the following:

Find the security groups attached to the Amazon EC2 instance that's hosting the WordPress page.
Delete the instance.
Delete the security groups.

Again, we'll implement the delete handler as a state machine.

Code the Delete handler

In your IDE, open the DeleteHandler.java file, located in the src/main/java/com/example/testing/wordpress folder.

Replace the entire contents of the DeleteHandler.java file with the following code.


package com.example.testing.wordpress;

import software.amazon.cloudformation.proxy.AmazonWebServicesClientProxy;
import software.amazon.cloudformation.proxy.HandlerErrorCode;
import software.amazon.cloudformation.proxy.Logger;
import software.amazon.cloudformation.proxy.OperationStatus;
import software.amazon.cloudformation.proxy.ProgressEvent;
import software.amazon.cloudformation.proxy.ResourceHandlerRequest;
import com.amazonaws.services.ec2.AmazonEC2;
import com.amazonaws.services.ec2.AmazonEC2ClientBuilder;
import com.amazonaws.services.ec2.model.DeleteSecurityGroupRequest;
import com.amazonaws.services.ec2.model.DescribeInstancesRequest;
import com.amazonaws.services.ec2.model.DescribeInstancesResult;
import com.amazonaws.services.ec2.model.GroupIdentifier;
import com.amazonaws.services.ec2.model.Instance;
import com.amazonaws.services.ec2.model.Reservation;
import com.amazonaws.services.ec2.model.TerminateInstancesRequest;

import java.util.List;
import java.util.stream.Collectors;

public class DeleteHandler extends BaseHandler<CallbackContext> {
    private static final String SUPPORTED_REGION = "us-west-2";
    private static final String DELETED_INSTANCE_STATE = "terminated";
    private static final int NUMBER_OF_STATE_POLL_RETRIES = 60;
    private static final int POLL_RETRY_DELAY_IN_MS = 5000;
    private static final String TIMED_OUT_MESSAGE = "Timed out waiting for instance to terminate.";

    private AmazonWebServicesClientProxy clientProxy;
    private AmazonEC2 ec2Client;

    @Override
    public ProgressEvent<ResourceModel, CallbackContext> handleRequest (
        final AmazonWebServicesClientProxy proxy,
        final ResourceHandlerRequest<ResourceModel> request,
        final CallbackContext callbackContext,
        final Logger logger) {

        final ResourceModel model = request.getDesiredResourceState();

        clientProxy = proxy;
        ec2Client = AmazonEC2ClientBuilder.standard().withRegion(SUPPORTED_REGION).build();
        final CallbackContext currentContext = callbackContext == null ?
                                               CallbackContext.builder().stabilizationRetriesRemaining(NUMBER_OF_STATE_POLL_RETRIES).build() :
                                               callbackContext;

        // This Lambda will continually be re-invoked with the current state of the instance, finally succeeding when state stabilizes.
        return deleteInstanceAndUpdateProgress(model, currentContext);
    }

    private ProgressEvent<ResourceModel, CallbackContext> deleteInstanceAndUpdateProgress(ResourceModel model, CallbackContext callbackContext) {

        if (callbackContext.getStabilizationRetriesRemaining() == 0) {
            throw new RuntimeException(TIMED_OUT_MESSAGE);
        }

        if (callbackContext.getInstanceSecurityGroups() == null) {
            final Instance currentInstanceState = currentInstanceState(model.getInstanceId());

            if (DELETED_INSTANCE_STATE.equals(currentInstanceState.getState().getName())) {
                return ProgressEvent.<ResourceModel, CallbackContext>builder()
                    .status(OperationStatus.FAILED)
                    .errorCode(HandlerErrorCode.NotFound)
                    .build();
            }

            final List<String> instanceSecurityGroups = currentInstanceState
                .getSecurityGroups()
                .stream()
                .map(GroupIdentifier::getGroupId)
                .collect(Collectors.toList());

            return ProgressEvent.<ResourceModel, CallbackContext>builder()
                .resourceModel(model)
                .status(OperationStatus.IN_PROGRESS)
                .callbackContext(CallbackContext.builder()
                                                .stabilizationRetriesRemaining(NUMBER_OF_STATE_POLL_RETRIES)
                                                .instanceSecurityGroups(instanceSecurityGroups)
                                                .build())
                .build();
        }

        if (callbackContext.getInstance() == null) {
            return ProgressEvent.<ResourceModel, CallbackContext>builder()
                .resourceModel(model)
                .status(OperationStatus.IN_PROGRESS)
                .callbackContext(CallbackContext.builder()
                                                .instance(deleteInstance(model.getInstanceId()))
                                                .instanceSecurityGroups(callbackContext.getInstanceSecurityGroups())
                                                .stabilizationRetriesRemaining(NUMBER_OF_STATE_POLL_RETRIES)
                                                .build())
                .build();
        } else if (callbackContext.getInstance().getState().getName().equals(DELETED_INSTANCE_STATE)) {
            callbackContext.getInstanceSecurityGroups().forEach(this::deleteSecurityGroup);
            return ProgressEvent.<ResourceModel, CallbackContext>builder()
                .resourceModel(model)
                .status(OperationStatus.SUCCESS)
                .build();
        } else {
            try {
                Thread.sleep(POLL_RETRY_DELAY_IN_MS);
            } catch (InterruptedException e) {
                throw new RuntimeException(e);
            }
            return ProgressEvent.<ResourceModel, CallbackContext>builder()
                .resourceModel(model)
                .status(OperationStatus.IN_PROGRESS)
                .callbackContext(CallbackContext.builder()
                                                .instance(currentInstanceState(model.getInstanceId()))
                                                .instanceSecurityGroups(callbackContext.getInstanceSecurityGroups())
                                                .stabilizationRetriesRemaining(callbackContext.getStabilizationRetriesRemaining() - 1)
                                                .build())
                .build();
        }

    }

    private Instance deleteInstance(String instanceId) {
        final TerminateInstancesRequest terminateInstancesRequest = new TerminateInstancesRequest().withInstanceIds(instanceId);
        return clientProxy.injectCredentialsAndInvoke(terminateInstancesRequest, ec2Client::terminateInstances)
                          .getTerminatingInstances()
                          .stream()
                          .map(instance -> new Instance().withState(instance.getCurrentState()).withInstanceId(instance.getInstanceId()))
                          .findFirst()
                          .orElse(new Instance());
    }

    private Instance currentInstanceState(String instanceId) {
        DescribeInstancesRequest describeInstancesRequest;
        DescribeInstancesResult describeInstancesResult;

        describeInstancesRequest = new DescribeInstancesRequest().withInstanceIds(instanceId);
        describeInstancesResult = clientProxy.injectCredentialsAndInvoke(describeInstancesRequest, ec2Client::describeInstances);
        return describeInstancesResult.getReservations()
                                      .stream()
                                      .map(Reservation::getInstances)
                                      .flatMap(List::stream)
                                      .findFirst()
                                      .orElse(new Instance());
    }

    private void deleteSecurityGroup(String securityGroupId) {
        final DeleteSecurityGroupRequest deleteSecurityGroupRequest = new DeleteSecurityGroupRequest().withGroupId(securityGroupId);
        clientProxy.injectCredentialsAndInvoke(deleteSecurityGroupRequest, ec2Client::deleteSecurityGroup);
    }
}

Update the Delete handler unit test

We'll also need to update the unit test for the delete handler.

In your IDE, open the DeleteHandlerTest.java file, located in the src/test/java/com/example/testing/wordpress folder.

Replace the entire contents of the DeleteHandlerTest.java file with the following code.


package com.example.testing.wordpress;

import software.amazon.cloudformation.proxy.AmazonWebServicesClientProxy;
import software.amazon.cloudformation.proxy.HandlerErrorCode;
import software.amazon.cloudformation.proxy.Logger;
import software.amazon.cloudformation.proxy.OperationStatus;
import software.amazon.cloudformation.proxy.ProgressEvent;
import software.amazon.cloudformation.proxy.ResourceHandlerRequest;
import com.amazonaws.services.ec2.model.DeleteSecurityGroupRequest;
import com.amazonaws.services.ec2.model.DeleteSecurityGroupResult;
import com.amazonaws.services.ec2.model.DescribeInstancesRequest;
import com.amazonaws.services.ec2.model.DescribeInstancesResult;
import com.amazonaws.services.ec2.model.GroupIdentifier;
import com.amazonaws.services.ec2.model.Instance;
import com.amazonaws.services.ec2.model.InstanceState;
import com.amazonaws.services.ec2.model.InstanceStateChange;
import com.amazonaws.services.ec2.model.Reservation;
import com.amazonaws.services.ec2.model.TerminateInstancesRequest;
import com.amazonaws.services.ec2.model.TerminateInstancesResult;

import org.junit.jupiter.api.BeforeEach;
import org.junit.jupiter.api.Test;
import org.junit.jupiter.api.extension.ExtendWith;
import org.mockito.Mock;
import org.mockito.junit.jupiter.MockitoExtension;

import java.util.Arrays;


import static org.assertj.core.api.Assertions.assertThat;
import static org.mockito.ArgumentMatchers.any;
import static org.mockito.Mockito.doReturn;
import static org.mockito.Mockito.mock;

@ExtendWith(MockitoExtension.class)
public class DeleteHandlerTest {
    private static String EXPECTED_TIMEOUT_MESSAGE = "Timed out waiting for instance to terminate.";

    @Mock
    private AmazonWebServicesClientProxy proxy;

    @Mock
    private Logger logger;

    @BeforeEach
    public void setup() {
        proxy = mock(AmazonWebServicesClientProxy.class);
        logger = mock(Logger.class);
    }

    @Test
    public void testSuccessState() {
        final DeleteSecurityGroupResult deleteSecurityGroupResult = new DeleteSecurityGroupResult();
        doReturn(deleteSecurityGroupResult).when(proxy).injectCredentialsAndInvoke(any(DeleteSecurityGroupRequest.class), any());

        final DeleteHandler handler = new DeleteHandler();

        final ResourceModel model = ResourceModel.builder().instanceId("i-1234").build();

        final ResourceHandlerRequest<ResourceModel> request = ResourceHandlerRequest.<ResourceModel>builder()
            .desiredResourceState(model)
            .build();

        final CallbackContext context = CallbackContext.builder()
                                                       .stabilizationRetriesRemaining(1)
                                                       .instanceSecurityGroups(Arrays.asList("sg-1234"))
                                                       .instance(new Instance().withState(new InstanceState().withName("terminated")))
                                                       .build();

        final ProgressEvent<ResourceModel, CallbackContext> response
            = handler.handleRequest(proxy, request, context, logger);

        assertThat(response).isNotNull();
        assertThat(response.getStatus()).isEqualTo(OperationStatus.SUCCESS);
        assertThat(response.getCallbackContext()).isNull();
        assertThat(response.getCallbackDelaySeconds()).isEqualTo(0);
        assertThat(response.getResourceModel()).isEqualTo(request.getDesiredResourceState());
        assertThat(response.getResourceModels()).isNull();
        assertThat(response.getMessage()).isNull();
        assertThat(response.getErrorCode()).isNull();
    }

    @Test
    public void testHandlerInvokedWhenInstanceIsAlreadyTerminated() {
        final DescribeInstancesResult describeInstancesResult =
            new DescribeInstancesResult().withReservations(new Reservation().withInstances(new Instance().withState(new InstanceState().withName("terminated"))
                                                                                                         .withSecurityGroups(new GroupIdentifier().withGroupId("sg-1234"))));
        doReturn(describeInstancesResult).when(proxy).injectCredentialsAndInvoke(any(DescribeInstancesRequest.class), any());

        final DeleteHandler handler = new DeleteHandler();

        final ResourceModel model = ResourceModel.builder().instanceId("i-1234").build();

        final ResourceHandlerRequest<ResourceModel> request = ResourceHandlerRequest.<ResourceModel>builder()
            .desiredResourceState(model)
            .build();

        final ProgressEvent<ResourceModel, CallbackContext> response
            = handler.handleRequest(proxy, request, null, logger);

        assertThat(response).isNotNull();
        assertThat(response.getStatus()).isEqualTo(OperationStatus.FAILED);
        assertThat(response.getCallbackContext()).isNull();
        assertThat(response.getCallbackDelaySeconds()).isEqualTo(0);
        assertThat(response.getResourceModel()).isNull();
        assertThat(response.getResourceModels()).isNull();
        assertThat(response.getMessage()).isNull();
        assertThat(response.getErrorCode()).isEqualTo(HandlerErrorCode.NotFound);
    }

    @Test
    public void testInProgressStateSecurityGroupsNotGathered() {
        final DescribeInstancesResult describeInstancesResult =
            new DescribeInstancesResult().withReservations(new Reservation().withInstances(new Instance().withState(new InstanceState().withName("running"))
                                                                                                         .withSecurityGroups(new GroupIdentifier().withGroupId("sg-1234"))));
        doReturn(describeInstancesResult).when(proxy).injectCredentialsAndInvoke(any(DescribeInstancesRequest.class), any());

        final DeleteHandler handler = new DeleteHandler();

        final ResourceModel model = ResourceModel.builder().instanceId("i-1234").build();

        final ResourceHandlerRequest<ResourceModel> request = ResourceHandlerRequest.<ResourceModel>builder()
            .desiredResourceState(model)
            .build();

        final ProgressEvent<ResourceModel, CallbackContext> response
            = handler.handleRequest(proxy, request, null, logger);

        final CallbackContext desiredOutputContext = CallbackContext.builder()
                                                                    .stabilizationRetriesRemaining(60)
                                                                    .instanceSecurityGroups(Arrays.asList("sg-1234"))
                                                                    .build();
        assertThat(response).isNotNull();
        assertThat(response.getStatus()).isEqualTo(OperationStatus.IN_PROGRESS);
        assertThat(response.getCallbackContext()).isEqualToComparingFieldByField(desiredOutputContext);
        assertThat(response.getCallbackDelaySeconds()).isEqualTo(0);
        assertThat(response.getResourceModel()).isEqualTo(request.getDesiredResourceState());
        assertThat(response.getResourceModels()).isNull();
        assertThat(response.getMessage()).isNull();
        assertThat(response.getErrorCode()).isNull();
    }

    @Test
    public void testInProgressStateSecurityGroupsGathered() {
        final InstanceState inProgressState = new InstanceState().withName("in-progress");
        final TerminateInstancesResult terminateInstancesResult =
            new TerminateInstancesResult().withTerminatingInstances(new InstanceStateChange().withCurrentState(inProgressState));
        doReturn(terminateInstancesResult).when(proxy).injectCredentialsAndInvoke(any(TerminateInstancesRequest.class), any());

        final DeleteHandler handler = new DeleteHandler();

        final ResourceModel model = ResourceModel.builder().instanceId("i-1234").build();

        final ResourceHandlerRequest<ResourceModel> request = ResourceHandlerRequest.<ResourceModel>builder()
            .desiredResourceState(model)
            .build();

        final CallbackContext context = CallbackContext.builder()
                                                       .stabilizationRetriesRemaining(60)
                                                       .instanceSecurityGroups(Arrays.asList("sg-1234"))
                                                       .build();

        final ProgressEvent<ResourceModel, CallbackContext> response
            = handler.handleRequest(proxy, request, context, logger);

        final CallbackContext desiredOutputContext = CallbackContext.builder()
                                                                    .stabilizationRetriesRemaining(60)
                                                                    .instanceSecurityGroups(context.getInstanceSecurityGroups())
                                                                    .instance(new Instance().withState(inProgressState))
                                                                    .build();

        assertThat(response).isNotNull();
        assertThat(response.getStatus()).isEqualTo(OperationStatus.IN_PROGRESS);
        assertThat(response.getCallbackContext()).isEqualToComparingFieldByField(desiredOutputContext);
        assertThat(response.getCallbackDelaySeconds()).isEqualTo(0);
        assertThat(response.getResourceModel()).isEqualTo(request.getDesiredResourceState());
        assertThat(response.getResourceModels()).isNull();
        assertThat(response.getMessage()).isNull();
        assertThat(response.getErrorCode()).isNull();
    }

    @Test
    public void testInProgressStateInstanceTerminationInvoked() {
        final InstanceState inProgressState = new InstanceState().withName("in-progress");
        final GroupIdentifier group = new GroupIdentifier().withGroupId("sg-1234");
        final Instance instance = new Instance().withState(inProgressState).withSecurityGroups(group);
        final DescribeInstancesResult describeInstancesResult =
            new DescribeInstancesResult().withReservations(new Reservation().withInstances(instance));
        doReturn(describeInstancesResult).when(proxy).injectCredentialsAndInvoke(any(DescribeInstancesRequest.class), any());

        final DeleteHandler handler = new DeleteHandler();

        final ResourceModel model = ResourceModel.builder().instanceId("i-1234").build();

        final ResourceHandlerRequest<ResourceModel> request = ResourceHandlerRequest.<ResourceModel>builder()
            .desiredResourceState(model)
            .build();

        final CallbackContext context = CallbackContext.builder()
                                                       .stabilizationRetriesRemaining(60)
                                                       .instance(new Instance().withState(inProgressState).withSecurityGroups(group))
                                                       .instanceSecurityGroups(Arrays.asList("sg-1234"))
                                                       .build();

        final ProgressEvent<ResourceModel, CallbackContext> response
            = handler.handleRequest(proxy, request, context, logger);

        final CallbackContext desiredOutputContext = CallbackContext.builder()
                                                                    .stabilizationRetriesRemaining(59)
                                                                    .instanceSecurityGroups(context.getInstanceSecurityGroups())
                                                                    .instance(new Instance().withState(inProgressState).withSecurityGroups(group))
                                                                    .build();

        assertThat(response).isNotNull();
        assertThat(response.getStatus()).isEqualTo(OperationStatus.IN_PROGRESS);
        assertThat(response.getCallbackContext()).isEqualToComparingFieldByField(desiredOutputContext);
        assertThat(response.getCallbackDelaySeconds()).isEqualTo(0);
        assertThat(response.getResourceModel()).isEqualTo(request.getDesiredResourceState());
        assertThat(response.getResourceModels()).isNull();
        assertThat(response.getMessage()).isNull();
        assertThat(response.getErrorCode()).isNull();
    }

    @Test
    public void testStabilizationTimeout() {
        final DeleteHandler handler = new DeleteHandler();

        final ResourceModel model = ResourceModel.builder().instanceId("i-1234").build();

        final ResourceHandlerRequest<ResourceModel> request = ResourceHandlerRequest.<ResourceModel>builder()
            .desiredResourceState(model)
            .build();

        final CallbackContext context = CallbackContext.builder()
                                                       .stabilizationRetriesRemaining(0)
                                                       .instanceSecurityGroups(Arrays.asList("sg-1234"))
                                                       .instance(new Instance().withState(new InstanceState().withName("terminated")))
                                                       .build();

        try {
            handler.handleRequest(proxy, request, context, logger);
        } catch (RuntimeException e) {
            assertThat(e.getMessage()).isEqualTo(EXPECTED_TIMEOUT_MESSAGE);
        }
    }
}

Test the resource type

Next, we'll use the Amazon SAM CLI to test locally that our resource will work as expected once we submit it to the CloudFormation registry. To do this, we'll need to define tests for the SAM to run against our create and delete handlers.

Create the SAM test files

Create two files:
- package-root/sam-tests/create.json
- package-root/sam-tests/delete.json
Where package-root is the root of the resource project. For our walkthrough example, the files would be:
- example-testing-wordpress/sam-tests/create.json
- example-testing-wordpress/sam-tests/delete.json
In example-testing-wordpress/sam-tests/create.json, paste the following test.

Note
Add the necessary information, such as credentials and log group name, and remove any comments in the file before testing.
To generate temporary credentials, you can use aws sts get-session-token.
For credentials, use temporary credentials of your personal Amazon Web Services account. For best practices, see Set default credentials and Region in the Amazon SDK for Java Developer Guide.
You will need the accessKeyId, secretAccessKey, and sessionToken with their corresponding values.
```
{
    "action": "CREATE",
    "request": {
        "clientRequestToken": "4b90a7e4-b790-456b-a937-0cfdfa211dfe", # Can be any UUID.
        "desiredResourceState": {
            "Name": "MyBlog",
            "SubnetId": "subnet-0bc6136e" # This should be a real subnet that exists in the account you're testing against.
        },
        "logicalResourceIdentifier": "MyResource"
    },
    "callbackContext": null
}
```
In example-testing-wordpress/sam-tests/delete.json, paste the following test.

Note
Add the necessary information, such as credentials and log group name, and remove any comments in the file before testing.
To generate temporary credentials, you can use aws sts get-session-token.
For credentials, use temporary credentials of your personal Amazon Web Services account. For best practices, see Set default credentials and Region in the Amazon SDK for Java Developer Guide.
You will need the accessKeyId, secretAccessKey, and sessionToken with their corresponding values.
```
{
    "action": "DELETE",
    "request": {
        "clientRequestToken": "4b90a7e4-b790-456b-a937-0cfdfa211dfe",  # Can be any UUID.
        "desiredResourceState": {
            "Name": "MyBlog",
            "InstanceId": "i-0167b19dd4c1efbf3", # This should be the instance ID that was created in the "create.json" test.
            "SubnetId": "subnet-0bc6136e" # This should be a real subnet that exists in the account you're testing against.
        },
        "logicalResourceIdentifier": "MyResource"
    },
    "callbackContext": null
}
```

Test the Create handler

Once you've created the example-testing-wordpress/sam-tests/create.json test file, you can use it to test your create handler.

Ensure Docker is running on your computer.

Invoke the SAM function from the resource package root directory using the following commands.


$ sam local invoke TestEntrypoint --event sam-tests/create.json

Note

Occasionally these tests will fail with a retry-able error. In such a case, run the tests again to determine whether the issue was transient.

Because the create handler was written as a state machine, invoking the tests will return an output that represents a state. For example:


{
    "callbackDelaySeconds": 0,
    "resourceModel": {
        "SubnetId": "subnet-0bc6136e",
        "Name": "MyBlog"
    },
    "callbackContext": {
        "instance": {
            "subnetId": "subnet-0bc6136e",
            "virtualizationType": "hvm",
            "capacityReservationSpecification": {
                "capacityReservationPreference": "open"
            },
            "amiLaunchIndex": 0,
            "elasticInferenceAcceleratorAssociations": [],
            "sourceDestCheck": true,
            "stateReason": {
                "code": "pending",
                "message": "pending"
            },
            "instanceId": "i-0b6978477c0e9d358",
            "vpcId": "vpc-eb80788e",
            "hypervisor": "xen",
            "rootDeviceName": "/dev/sda1",
            "productCodes": [],
            "state": {
                "code": 0,
                "name": "pending"
            },
            "architecture": "x86_64",
            "ebsOptimized": false,
            "imageId": "ami-04fb0368671b6f138",
            "blockDeviceMappings": [],
            "stateTransitionReason": "",
            "clientToken": "207dc686-e95c-4df9-8fcb-ee22bbdde963",
            "instanceType": "m4.large",
            "cpuOptions": {
                "threadsPerCore": 2,
                "coreCount": 1
            },
            "monitoring": {
                "state": "disabled"
            },
            "publicDnsName": "",
            "privateIpAddress": "172.0.0.133",
            "rootDeviceType": "ebs",
            "tags": [
                {
                    "value": "MyBlog",
                    "key": "Name"
                }
            ],
            "launchTime": 1567718644000,
            "elasticGpuAssociations": [],
            "licenses": [],
            "networkInterfaces": [
                {
                    "networkInterfaceId": "eni-0e450b35a159b60fe",
                    "privateIpAddresses": [
                        {
                            "privateIpAddress": "172.0.0.133",
                            "primary": true
                        }
                    ],
                    "subnetId": "subnet-0bc6136e",
                    "description": "",
                    "groups": [
                        {
                            "groupName": "MyBlog-cbb70fca-4704-430b-b67b-7d6d550e0592",
                            "groupId": "sg-063679dc7681610c3"
                        }
                    ],
                    "ipv6Addresses": [],
                    "ownerId": "671472782477",
                    "sourceDestCheck": true,
                    "privateIpAddress": "172.0.0.133",
                    "interfaceType": "interface",
                    "macAddress": "02:e1:4b:d1:f7:40",
                    "attachment": {
                        "attachmentId": "eni-attach-0a01c63e4b45c4a5d",
                        "deleteOnTermination": true,
                        "deviceIndex": 0,
                        "attachTime": 1567718644000,
                        "status": "attaching"
                    },
                    "vpcId": "vpc-eb80788e",
                    "status": "in-use"
                }
            ],
            "privateDnsName": "ip-172-0-0-133.us-west-2.compute.internal",
            "securityGroups": [
                {
                    "groupName": "MyBlog-cbb70fca-4704-430b-b67b-7d6d550e0592",
                    "groupId": "sg-063679dc7681610c3"
                }
            ],
            "placement": {
                "groupName": "",
                "tenancy": "default",
                "availabilityZone": "us-west-2b"
            }
        },
        "stabilizationRetriesRemaining": 60
    },
    "status": "IN_PROGRESS"
}

From the test response, copy the contents of the callbackContext, and paste it into the callbackContext section of the example-testing-wordpress/sam-tests/create.json file.

Invoke the TestEntrypoint function again.


$ sam local invoke TestEntrypoint --event sam-tests/create.json

If the resource has yet to complete provisioning, the test returns a response with a status of IN_PROGRESS. Once the resource has completed provisioning, the test returns a response with a status of SUCCESS. For example:


{
    "callbackDelaySeconds": 0,
    "resourceModel": {
        "InstanceId": "i-0b6978477c0e9d358",
        "PublicIp": "34.211.69.121",
        "SubnetId": "subnet-0bc6136e",
        "Name": "MyBlog"
    },
    "status": "SUCCESS"
}

Repeat the previous two steps until the resource has completed.

When the resource completes provisioning, the test response contains both its PublicIp and InstanceId:

You can use the PublicIp value to navigate to the WordPress site.
You can use the InstanceId value to test the delete handler, as described below.

Test the Delete handler

Once you've created the example-testing-wordpress/sam-tests/delete.json test file, you can use it to test your delete handler.

Ensure Docker is running on your computer.

Invoke the TestEntrypoint function from the resource package root directory using the following commands.
```
$ sam local invoke TestEntrypoint --event sam-tests/delete.json
```
Note
Occasionally these tests will fail with a retriable error. In such a case, run the tests again to determine whether the issue was transient.

As with the create handler, the delete handler was written as a state machine, so invoking the test will return an output that represents a state.
From the test response, copy the contents of the callbackContext, and paste it into the callbackContext section of the example-testing-wordpress/sam-tests/delete.json file.
Invoke the TestEntrypoint function again.
```
$ sam local invoke TestEntrypoint --event sam-tests/delete.json
```
If the resource has yet to complete provisioning, the test returns a response with a status of IN_PROGRESS. Once the resource has completed provisioning, the test returns a response with a status of SUCCESS.
Repeat the previous two steps until the resource has completed.

Performing resource contract tests

Resource contract tests verify that the resource type schema you've defined properly catches property values that will fail when passed to the underlying APIs called from within your resource handlers. This provides a way of validating user input before passing it to the resource handlers. For example, in the Example::Testing::WordPress resource type provide schema (in the example-testing-wordpress.json file), we specified regex patterns for the Name and SubnetId properties, and set the maximum length of Name as 219 characters. Contract tests are intended to stress and validate those input definitions.

Specify resource contract test override values

The CloudFormation CLI performs resource contract tests using input that's generated from the patterns you define in your resource's property definitions. However, some inputs can't be randomly generated. For example, the Example::Testing::WordPress resource requires an actual subnet ID for testing, not just a string that matches the appearance of a subnet ID. To test this property, we need to include a file with actual values for the resource contract tests to use overrides.json at the root of our project that looks like this:

Navigate to the root of your project.
Create a file named overrides.json.

Include the following override, specifying an actual subnet ID to use when performing resource contract tests.


{
    "CREATE": {
        "/SubnetId": "subnet-0bc6136e" # This should be a real subnet that exists in the account you're testing against.
    }
}

Run the resource contract tests

To run resource contract tests, you'll need two shell sessions.

In a new session, run the following command:
```
$ sam local start-lambda
```
From the resource package root directory, in a session that's aware of the CloudFormation CLI, run the test command:
```
$ cfn test
```
The session that's running sam local start-lambda will display information about the status of your tests.

Submit the resource type

Once you have completed implementing and testing your resource provided, the final step is to submit it to the CloudFormation registry. This makes it available for use in stack operations in the account and region in which it was submitted.

In a terminal, run the submit command to register the resource type in the us-west-2 region.
```
$ cfn submit -v --region us-west-2
```
The CloudFormation CLI validates the included resource type schema, packages your resource provide project and uploads it to the CloudFormation registry, and then returns a registration token.
```
Validating your resource specification...
Packaging Java project
Creating managed upload infrastructure stack
Managed upload infrastructure stack was successfully created
Registration in progress with token: 3c27b9e6-dca4-4892-ba4e-3c0example
```

Resource type registration is an asynchronous operation. You can use the supplied registration token to track the progress of your type registration request using the DescribeTypeRegistration action of the CloudFormation API.

Note

If you update your resource type, you can submit a new version of that resource type. Every time you submit your resource type, CloudFormation generates a new version of that resource type.

To set the default version of a resource type, use set-type-default-version. For example:


$ aws cloudformation set-type-default-version \
  --type "RESOURCE" \
  --type-name "Example::Testing::WordPress" \
  --version-id "00000002"

To retrieve information about the versions of a resource type, use list-type-versions. For example:


$ aws cloudformation list-type-versions \
  --type "RESOURCE" \
  --type-name "Example::Testing::WordPress"

Provision the resource in a CloudFormation stack

Once the registration request for your resource type has completed successfully, you can create a stack including resources of that type.

Note

Use DescribeTypeRegistration to determine when your resource type is successfully registration registered with a status of COMPLETE. You should also see your new resource type listed in the CloudFormation console.

Save the following JSON as a stack template, with the name stack.json.


{
    "AWSTemplateFormatVersion": "2010-09-09",
    "Description": "WordPress stack",
    "Resources": {
        "MyWordPressSite": {
            "Type": "Example::Testing::WordPress",
            "Properties": {
                "SubnetId": "subnet-0bc6136e", ## Note that this should be replaced with a subnet that exists in your account.
                "Name": "MyWebsite"
            }
        }
    }
}

Use the template to create a stack.

Note
This resource uses an official WordPress image on Amazon Web Services Marketplace. In order to create the stack, you'll first need to visit the Amazon Web Services Marketplace and accept the terms and subscribe.

Navigate to the folder in which you saved the stack.json file, and create a stack named wordpress.
```
$ aws cloudformation create-stack 
  --region us-west-2 \
  --template-body "file://stack.json" \
  --stack-name "wordpress"
```
As CloudFormation creates the stack, it should invoke your resource type create handler to provision a resource of type Example::Testing::WordPress as part of the wordpress stack.

As a final test of the resource type delete handler, you can delete the wordpress stack.


$ aws cloudformation delete-stack \
  --region us-west-2 \
  --stack-name wordpress

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Progress chaining, stabilization, and callback pattern

Resource type FAQ