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Views

SQL Server Usage

Views are schema objects that provide stored definitions for virtual tables. Similar to tables, views are data sets with uniquely named columns and rows. With the exception of indexed views, view objects don’t store data. They consist only of a query definition and are reevaluated for each invocation.

Views are used as abstraction layers and security filters for the underlying tables. They can JOIN and UNION data from multiple source tables and use aggregates, window functions, and other SQL features as long as the result is a semi-proper set with uniquely identifiable columns and no order to the rows. You can use distributed views to query other databases and data sources using linked servers.

As an abstraction layer, a view can decouple application code from the database schema. You can change the underlying tables without the need to modify the application code as long as the expected results of the view don’t change. You can use this approach to provide backward compatible views of data.

As a security mechanism, a view can screen and filter source table data. You can perform permission management at the view level without explicit permissions to the base objects, provided the ownership chain is maintained. For more information, see Overview of SQL Server Security.

View definitions are evaluated when they are created and aren’t affected by subsequent changes to the underlying tables. For example, a view that uses SELECT * doesn’t display columns that were added later to the base table. Similarly, if a column was dropped from the base table, invoking the view results in an error. Use the SCHEMABINDING option to prevent changes to base objects.

Modifying Data Through Views

Updatable Views can both select and modify data. Updatable views meet the following conditions:

Special View Types

SQL Server provides three types of specialized views:

Syntax

CREATE [OR ALTER] VIEW [<Schema Name>.] <View Name> [(<Column Aliases> ])]
[WITH [ENCRYPTION][SCHEMABINDING][VIEW_METADATA]]
AS <SELECT Query>
[WITH CHECK OPTION][;]

Examples

The following example creates a view that aggregates items for each customer.

CREATE TABLE Orders
(
  OrderID INT NOT NULL PRIMARY KEY,
  OrderDate DATETIME NOT NULL
  DEFAULT GETDATE()
);

CREATE TABLE OrderItems
(
  OrderID INT NOT NULL
  REFERENCES Orders(OrderID),
  Item VARCHAR(20) NOT NULL,
  Quantity SMALLINT NOT NULL,
  PRIMARY KEY(OrderID, Item)
);

CREATE VIEW SalesView
AS
SELECT O.Customer,
  OI.Product,
  SUM(CAST(OI.Quantity AS BIGINT)) AS TotalItemsBought
FROM Orders AS O
  INNER JOIN
  OrderItems AS OI
  ON O.OrderID = OI.OrderID;

The following example creates an indexed view that pre-aggregates items for each customer

CREATE VIEW SalesViewIndexed
AS
SELECT O.Customer,
  OI.Product,
  SUM_BIG(OI.Quantity) AS TotalItemsBought
FROM Orders AS O
  INNER JOIN
  OrderItems AS OI
  ON O.OrderID = OI.OrderID;

CREATE UNIQUE CLUSTERED INDEX IDX_SalesView
ON SalesViewIndexed (Customer, Product);

The following example creates a partitioned view.

CREATE VIEW dbo.PartitioneView
WITH SCHEMABINDING
AS
SELECT *
FROM Table1
UNION ALL
SELECT *
FROM Table2
UNION ALL
SELECT *
FROM Table3

For more information, see Views, Modify Data Through a View, and CREATE VIEW (Transact-SQL) in the SQL Server documentation.

PostgreSQL Usage

The basic form of views is similar between PostgreSQL and SQL Server. A view defines a stored query based on one or more physical database tables that runs every time the view is accessed.

More complex option such as indexed views or partitioned views aren’t supported, and may require a redesign or might application rewrite.

PostgreSQL View Privileges

To create a view, make sure that you grant SELECT and DML privileges on the base tables or views to your role or user. For more information, see GRANT in the PostgreSQL documentation.

PostgreSQL View Parameters

CREATE [OR REPLACE] VIEW

When you re-create an existing view, make sure that the new view has the same column structure as generated by the original view. The column structure includes column names, column order, and data types. It is sometimes preferable to drop the view and use the CREATE VIEW statement instead.

hr=# CREATE [OR REPLACE] VIEW VW_NAME AS
SELECT COLUMNS
FROM TABLE(s)
[WHERE CONDITIONS];

hr=# DROP VIEW [IF EXISTS] VW_NAME;

In the example preceding, the IF EXISTS parameter is optional.

WITH [ CASCADED | LOCAL ] CHECK OPTION

DML INSERT and UPDATE operations are verified against the view-based tables to ensure new rows satisfy the original structure conditions or the view-defining condition. If a conflict is detected, the DML operation fails.

Running DML Commands On Views

PostgreSQL simple views are automatically updatable. No restrictions exist when performing DML operations on views. An updatable view may contain a combination of updatable and non-updatable columns. A column is updatable if it references an updatable column of the underlying base table. If not, the column is read-only and an error is raised if an INSERT or UPDATE statement is attempted on the column.

Syntax

CREATE [ OR REPLACE ] [ TEMP | TEMPORARY ] [ RECURSIVE ] VIEW name [ ( column_name [,...] ) ]
[ WITH ( view_option_name [= view_option_value] [, ... ] ) ]
AS query
[ WITH [ CASCADED | LOCAL ] CHECK OPTION ]

Examples

The following example creates and updates a view without the CHECK OPTION parameter.

CREATE OR REPLACE VIEW VW_DEP AS
  SELECT DEPARTMENT_ID, DEPARTMENT_NAME, MANAGER_ID, LOCATION_ID
  FROM DEPARTMENTS
  WHERE LOCATION_ID=1700;

view VW_DEP created.

UPDATE VW_DEP SET LOCATION_ID=1600;

21 rows updated.

The following example creates and updates a view with the LOCAL CHECK OPTION parameter.

CREATE OR REPLACE VIEW VW_DEP AS
  SELECT DEPARTMENT_ID, DEPARTMENT_NAME, MANAGER_ID, LOCATION_ID
  FROM DEPARTMENTS
  WHERE LOCATION_ID=1700
  WITH LOCAL CHECK OPTION;

view VW_DEP created.

UPDATE VW_DEP SET LOCATION_ID=1600;

SQL Error: ERROR: new row violates check option for view "vw_dep"

Summary

For more information, see Views and CREATE VIEW in the PostgreSQL documentation.