Services or capabilities described in Amazon Web Services documentation might vary by Region. To see the differences applicable to the China Regions, see Getting Started with Amazon Web Services in China (PDF).

Bootstrapping Amazon CloudFormation Windows stacks

This topic describes how to bootstrap a Windows stack and troubleshoot stack creation issues. If you will be creating your own Windows image for use with CloudFormation, see the information at Configuring a Windows instance using EC2ConfigService in the Amazon EC2 Microsoft Windows Guide for instructions. You must set up a Windows instance with EC2ConfigService for it to work with the Amazon CloudFormation bootstrapping tools.

Example of bootstrapping a Windows stack

For the purposes of illustration, we'll examine a Amazon CloudFormation single-instance SharePoint server template.

The template can be viewed in its entirety at the following URL:

This example demonstrates how to:

The Amazon CloudFormation helper script cfn-init is used to perform each of these actions, based on information in the AWS::CloudFormation::Init resource in the Windows Single Server Sharepoint Foundation template.

The AWS::CloudFormation::Init section is named "SharePointFoundation", and begins with a standard declaration:

"SharePointFoundation": {
   "Type" : "AWS::EC2::Instance",
   "Metadata" : {
     "AWS::CloudFormation::Init" : {
       "config" : {

After this, the files section of AWS::CloudFormation::Init is declared:

"files" : {
  "c:\\cfn\\cfn-hup.conf" : {
    "content" : { "Fn::Join" : ["", [
      "[main]\n",
      "stack=", { "Ref" : "AWS::StackName" }, "\n",
      "region=", { "Ref" : "AWS::Region" }, "\n"
      ]]}
  },
  "c:\\cfn\\hooks.d\\cfn-auto-reloader.conf" : {
    "content": { "Fn::Join" : ["", [
      "[cfn-auto-reloader-hook]\n",
      "triggers=post.update\n",
      "path=Resources.SharePointFoundation.Metadata.AWS::CloudFormation::Init\n",
      "action=cfn-init.exe -v -s ", { "Ref" : "AWS::StackName" },
                                     " -r SharePointFoundation",
                                     " --region ", { "Ref" : "AWS::Region" }, "\n"
    ]]}
  },
  "C:\\SharePoint\\SharePointFoundation2010.exe" : {
    "source" : "http://d3adzpja92utk0.cloudfront.net/SharePointFoundation.exe"
  }
},

Three files are created here and placed in the C:\cfn directory on the server instance. They're:

There is also a file that's downloaded to the server: SharePointFoundation.exe. This file is used to install SharePoint on the server instance.

Next is the commands section, which are cmd.exe commands.

"commands" : {
  "1-extract" : {
    "command" : "C:\\SharePoint\\SharePointFoundation2010.exe /extract:C:\\SharePoint\\SPF2010 /quiet /log:C:\\SharePoint\\SharePointFoundation2010-extract.log"
  },
  "2-prereq" : {
    "command" : "C:\\SharePoint\\SPF2010\\PrerequisiteInstaller.exe /unattended"
  },
  "3-install" : {
    "command" : "C:\\SharePoint\\SPF2010\\setup.exe /config C:\\SharePoint\\SPF2010\\Files\\SetupSilent\\config.xml"
  }

Because commands in the instance are processed in alphabetical order by name, each command has been prepended with a number indicating its desired execution order. Thus, we can make sure that the installation package is first extracted, all prerequisites are then installed, and finally, installation of SharePoint is started.

Next is the Properties section:

"Properties": {
  "InstanceType" : { "Ref" : "InstanceType" },
  "ImageId" : { "Fn::FindInMap" : [ "AWSRegionArch2AMI", { "Ref" : "AWS::Region" },
                { "Fn::FindInMap" : [ "AWSInstanceType2Arch", { "Ref" : "InstanceType" }, "Arch" ] } ] },
  "SecurityGroups" : [ {"Ref" : "SharePointFoundationSecurityGroup"} ],
  "KeyName" : { "Ref" : "KeyPairName" },
  "UserData" : { "Fn::Base64" : { "Fn::Join" : ["", [
    "<script>\n",

    "cfn-init.exe -v -s ", { "Ref" : "AWS::StackName" },
    " -r SharePointFoundation",
    " --region ", { "Ref" : "AWS::Region" }, "\n",

    "cfn-signal.exe -e %ERRORLEVEL% ", { "Fn::Base64" : { "Ref" : "SharePointFoundationWaitHandle" }}, "\n",

    "</script>"
    ]]}}
  }

In this section, the UserData property contains a cmd.exe script that will be executed by cfn-init, surrounded by <script> tags. You can use a Windows Powershell script here instead by surrounding your script with <powershell> tags. For Windows stacks, you must base64 encode the wait condition handle URL again.

SharePointFoundationWaitHandle is referenced here and run with cfn-signal. The WaitConditionHandle and associated WaitCondition are declared next in the template:

"SharePointFoundationWaitHandle" : {
   "Type" : "AWS::CloudFormation::WaitConditionHandle"
},

"SharePointFoundationWaitCondition" : {
   "Type" : "AWS::CloudFormation::WaitCondition",
   "DependsOn" : "SharePointFoundation",
   "Properties" : {
     "Handle" : {"Ref" : "SharePointFoundationWaitHandle"},
     "Timeout" : "3600"
   }
}

Because executing all the steps and installing SharePoint might take a while, but not an entire hour, the WaitCondition waits an hour (3600 seconds) before timing out.

If all goes well, an Elastic IP is used to provide access to the SharePoint instance:

"Outputs" : {
 "SharePointFoundationURL" : {
   "Value" : { "Fn::Join" : ["", ["http://", { "Ref" : "SharePointFoundationEIP" } ]] },
   "Description" : "SharePoint Team Site URL. Please retrieve Administrator password of the instance and use it to access the URL"
 }

Once stack creation is complete, the IP address supplied by EIP will be displayed in the Outputs tab of the Amazon CloudFormation console. However, before you can access the instance you will need to retrieve the generated temporary Administrator password for the instance. For more information, see Connecting to your Windows instance using RDP in the Amazon EC2 User Guide for Windows Instances.

How to manage Windows services

You manage Windows services in the same way as Linux services, except that you use a windows key instead of sysvinit. The following example starts the cfn-hup service, sets it to Automatic, and restarts the service if cfn-init modifies the c:\cfn\cfn-hup.conf or c:\cfn\hooks.d\cfn-auto-reloader.conf configuration files.

"services" : {
  "windows" : {
    "cfn-hup" : {
      "enabled" : "true",
      "ensureRunning" : "true",
      "files" : ["c:\\cfn\\cfn-hup.conf", "c:\\cfn\\hooks.d\\cfn-auto-reloader.conf"]
    }
  }
} 

You can manage other Windows services in the same way by using the name – not the display name – to reference the service.

How to troubleshoot stack creation issues

If your stack fails during creation, the default behavior is to Rollback on failure. While this is normally a good default because it avoids unnecessary charges, it makes it difficult to debug why your stack creation is failing.

To turn this behavior off, choose Show Advanced Options when creating your stack with the Amazon CloudFormation console, and select the No selector next to Rollback on failure. This will allow you to log into your instance and view the logfiles to pinpoint issues encountered when running your startup scripts.

Important logs to look at are:

See these EC2 guides for more logs: