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Merge

Oracle Usage

The MERGE statement provides a means to specify single SQL statements that conditionally perform INSERT, UPDATE, or DELETE operations on a target table—a task that would otherwise require multiple logical statements.

The MERGE statement selects record(s) from the source table and then, by specifying a logical structure, automatically performs multiple DML operations on the target table. Its main advantage is to help avoid the use of multiple inserts, updates or deletes. It is important to note that MERGE is a deterministic statement. That is, once a row has been processed by the MERGE statement, it can’t be processed again using the same MERGE statement. MERGE is also sometimes known as UPSERT.

Examples

Use MERGE to insert or update employees who are entitled to a bonus (by year).

CREATE TABLE EMP_BONUS(EMPLOYEE_ID NUMERIC,BONUS_YEAR VARCHAR2(4),
SALARY NUMERIC,BONUS NUMERIC, PRIMARY KEY (EMPLOYEE_ID, BONUS_YEAR));

MERGE INTO EMP_BONUS E1
USING (SELECT EMPLOYEE_ID, FIRST_NAME, SALARY, DEPARTMENT_ID
FROM EMPLOYEES) E2 ON (E1.EMPLOYEE_ID = E2.EMPLOYEE_ID) WHEN MATCHED THEN
UPDATE SET E1.BONUS = E2.SALARY * 0.5
DELETE WHERE (E1.SALARY >= 10000)
WHEN NOT MATCHED THEN
INSERT (E1.EMPLOYEE_ID, E1.BONUS_YEAR, E1.SALARY , E1.BONUS)
VALUES (E2.EMPLOYEE_ID, EXTRACT(YEAR FROM SYSDATE), E2.SALARY,
E2.SALARY * 0.5)
WHERE (E2.SALARY < 10000);

SELECT * FROM EMP_BONUS;

EMPLOYEE_ID BONUS_YEAR SALARY BONUS
103         2017       9000   4500
104         2017       6000   3000
105         2017       4800   2400
106         2017       4800   2400
107         2017       4200   2100
111         2017       7700   3850
112         2017       7800   3900
113         2017       6900   3450
115         2017       3100   1550

For more information, see MERGE in the Oracle documentation.

MySQL Usage

Aurora MySQL doesn’t support the MERGE statement. However, it provides two other statements for merging data: REPLACE, and INSERT…​ ON DUPLICATE KEY UPDATE.

REPLACE deletes a row and inserts a new row if a duplicate key conflict occurs. INSERT…​ ON DUPLICATE KEY UPDATE performs an in-place update. Both REPLACE and ON DUPLICATE KEY UPDATE rely on an existing primary key and unique constraints. It is not possible to define custom MATCH conditions as with the MERGE statement in Oracle.

REPLACE provides a function similar to INSERT. The difference is that REPLACE first deletes an existing row if a duplicate key violation for a PRIMARY KEY or UNIQUE constraint occurs.

REPLACE is a MySQL extension that is not ANSI compliant. It either performs only an INSERT when no duplicate key violations occur, or it performs a DELETE and then an INSERT if violations occur.

Syntax

REPLACE [INTO] <Table Name> (<Column List>) VALUES v(<Values List>)

REPLACE [INTO] <Table Name> SET <Assignment List: ColumnName = VALUE...>

REPLACE [INTO] <Table Name> (<Column List>) SELECT ...

INSERT …​ ON DUPLICATE KEY UPDATE

The ON DUPLICATE KEY UPDATE clause of the INSERT statement acts as a dual DML hybrid. Similar to REPLACE, it executes the assignments in the SET clause instead of raising a duplicate key error. ON DUPLICATE KEY UPDATE is a MySQL extension that in not ANSI compliant.

INSERT [INTO] <Table Name> [<Column List>] VALUES (<Value List>
ON DUPLICATE KEY <Assignment List: ColumnName = Value...>

INSERT [INTO] <Table Name> SET <Assignment List: ColumnName = Value...>
ON DUPLICATE KEY UPDATE <Assignment List: ColumnName = Value...>

INSERT [INTO] <Table Name> [<Column List>] SELECT ... ON DUPLICATE KEY
UPDATE <Assignment List: ColumnName = Value...>

Migration Considerations

Neither REPLACE nor INSERT …​ ON DUPLICATE KEY UPDATE provide a full functional replacement for the MERGE statement in Oracle. The key differences are:

The key difference between REPLACE and INSERT ON DUPLICATE KEY UPDATE is that with REPLACE, the violating row is deleted or attempted to be deleted. If foreign keys are in place, the DELETE operation may fail, which may fail the entire transaction.

For INSERT …​ ON DUPLICATE KEY UPDATE, the update is performed on the existing row in place without attempting to delete it.

It should be straightforward to replace most MERGE statements with either REPLACE or INSERT…​ ON DUPLICATE KEY UPDATE. Alternatively, break down the operations into their constituent INSERT, UPDATE, and DELETE statements.

Examples

Use REPLACE to create a simple one-way, two-table sync.

CREATE TABLE SourceTable (Col1 INT NOT NULL PRIMARY KEY,
  Col2 VARCHAR(20) NOT NULL);
CREATE TABLE TargetTable (Col1 INT NOT NULL PRIMARY KEY,
  Col2 VARCHAR(20) NOT NULL);

INSERT INTO SourceTable (Col1, Col2)
  VALUES (2, 'Source2'), (3, 'Source3'), (4, 'Source4');
INSERT INTO TargetTable (Col1, Col2)
  VALUES (1, 'Target1'), (2, 'Target2'), (3, 'Target3');

REPLACE INTO TargetTable(Col1, Col2)
  SELECT Col1, Col2 FROM SourceTable;

SELECT * FROM TargetTable;

For the preceding example, the result looks as shown following.

Col1  Col2
1     Target1
2     Source2
3     Source3
4     Source4

The following example creates a conditional two-way sync using NULL for no change and DELETE from target when not found in source.

TRUNCATE TABLE SourceTable;

INSERT INTO SourceTable(Col1, Col2)
  VALUES (3, NULL), (4, 'NewSource4'), (5, 'Source5');
DELETE FROM TargetTable
  WHERE Col1 NOT IN (SELECT Col1 FROM SourceTable);

INSERT INTO TargetTable (Col1, Col2)
SELECT Col1, Col2
FROM SourceTable AS SRC
WHERE SRC.Col1 NOT IN (SELECT Col1 FROM TargetTable);

UPDATE TargetTable AS TGT
SET Col2 = (SELECT COALESCE(SRC.Col2, TGT.Col2)
FROM SourceTable AS SRC WHERE SRC.Col1 = TGT.Col1)
WHERE TGT.Col1 IN (SELECT Col1 FROM SourceTable);

SELECT * FROM TargetTable;

For the preceding example, the result looks as shown following.

Col1  Col2
3     Source3
4     NewSource4
5     Source5

Summary

The following table describes similarities, differences, and key migration considerations.

For more information, see REPLACE Statement and INSERT …​ ON DUPLICATE KEY UPDATE Statement in the MySQL documentation.