Services or capabilities described in Amazon Web Services documentation might vary by Region. To see the differences applicable to the China Regions, see Getting Started with Amazon Web Services in China (PDF).

How multi-Region replication works in Amazon Keyspaces

This section provides an overview of how Amazon Keyspaces multi-Region replication works. For more information about pricing, see Amazon Keyspaces (for Apache Cassandra) pricing.

How multi-Region replication works in Amazon Keyspaces

Amazon Keyspaces multi-Region replication implements a data resiliency architecture that distributes your data across independent and geographically distributed Amazon Web Services Regions. It uses active-active replication, which provides local low latency with each Region being able to perform reads and writes in isolation.

When you create an Amazon Keyspaces multi-Region keyspace, you can select additional Regions where the data is going to be replicated to. Each table you create in a multi-Region keyspace consists of multiple replica tables (one per Region) that Amazon Keyspaces considers as a single unit.

Every replica has the same table name and the same primary key schema. When an application writes data to a local table in one Region, the data is durably written using the LOCAL_QUORUM consistency level. Amazon Keyspaces automatically replicates the data asynchronously to the other replication Regions. The replication lag across Regions is typically less than one second and doesn't impact your application’s performance or throughput.

After the data is written, you can read it from the multi-Region table in another replication Region with the LOCAL_ONE/LOCAL_QUORUM consistency levels. For more information about supported configurations and features, see Amazon Keyspaces multi-Region replication usage notes.

Multi-Region replication conflict resolution

Amazon Keyspaces multi-Region replication is fully managed, which means that you don't have to perform replication tasks such as regularly running repair operations to clean-up data synchronization issues. Amazon Keyspaces monitors data consistency between tables in different Amazon Web Services Regions by detecting and repairing conflicts, and synchronizes replicas automatically.

Amazon Keyspaces uses the last writer wins method of data reconciliation. With this conflict resolution mechanism, all of the Regions in a multi-Region keyspace agree on the latest update and converge toward a state in which they all have identical data. The reconciliation process has no impact on application performance. To support conflict resolution, client-side timestamps are automatically turned on for multi-Region tables and can't be turned off. For more information, see Client-side timestamps in Amazon Keyspaces.

Multi-Region replication disaster recovery

With Amazon Keyspaces multi-Region replication, writes are replicated asynchronously across each Region. In the rare event of a single Region degradation or failure, multi-Region replication helps you to recover from disaster with little to no impact to your application. Recovery from disaster is typically measured using values for Recovery time objective (RTO) and Recovery point objective (RPO).

Recovery time objective – The time it takes a system to return to a working state after a disaster. RTO measures the amount of downtime your workload can tolerate, measured in time. For disaster recovery plans that use multi-Region replication to fail over to an unaffected Region, the RTO can be nearly zero. The RTO is limited by how quickly your application can detect the failure condition and redirect traffic to another Region.

Recovery point objective – The amount of data that can be lost (measured in time). For disaster recovery plans that use multi-Region replication to fail over to an unaffected Region, the RPO is typically single-digit seconds. The RPO is limited by replication latency to the failover target replica.

In the event of a Regional failure or degradation, you don't need to promote a secondary Region or perform database failover procedures because replication in Amazon Keyspaces is active-active. Instead, you can use Amazon Route 53 to route your application to the nearest healthy Region. To learn more about Route 53, see What is Amazon Route 53?.

If a single Amazon Web Services Region becomes isolated or degraded, your application can redirect traffic to a different Region using Route 53 to perform reads and writes against a different replica table. You can also apply custom business logic to determine when to redirect requests to other Regions. An example of this is making your application aware of the multiple endpoints that are available.

When the Region comes back online, Amazon Keyspaces resumes propagating any pending writes from that Region to the replica tables in other Regions. It also resumes propagating writes from other replica tables to the Region that is now back online.

Multi-Region replication in Amazon Web Services Regions disabled by default

Amazon Keyspaces multi-Region replication is supported in the following Amazon Web Services Regions that are disabled by default:

Before you can use a Region that's disabled by default with Amazon Keyspaces multi-Region replication, you first have to enable the Region. For more information, see Enable or disable Amazon Web Services Regions in your account in the Amazon Organizations User Guide.

After you've enabled a Region, you can create new Amazon Keyspaces resources in the Region and add the Region to a multi-Region keyspace.

When you disable a Region that is used by Amazon Keyspaces multi-Region replication, Amazon Keyspaces initiates a 24-hour grace period. During this time window, you can expect the following behavior:

If you disabled the Region in error, you can re-enable the Region within 24 hours. If you re-enable the Region during the 24-hour grace period, Amazon Keyspaces is going to take the following actions:

In the case that the Region remains disabled after the 24-hour window closes, Amazon Keyspaces takes the following actions to permanently remove the Region from multi-Region replication:

After Amazon Keyspaces has permanently removed the disabled Region from the multi-Region keyspace, you can't add the disabled Region back.

Multi-Region replication and integration with point-in-time recovery (PITR)

Point-in-time recovery is supported for multi-Region tables. To successfully restore a multi-Region table with PITR, the following conditions have to be met.

You can run the restore statement from any of the Regions that the source table is available in. Amazon Keyspaces automatically restores the target table in each Region. For more information about PITR, see How point-in-time recovery works in Amazon Keyspaces.

When you create a multi-Region table, the PITR settings that you define during the creation process are automatically applied to all tables in all Regions. When you change PITR settings using ALTER TABLE, Amazon Keyspaces applies the update only to the local table and not to the replicas in other Regions. To enable PITR for an existing multi-Region table, you have to repeat the ALTER TABLE statement for all replicas.

Multi-Region replication and integration with Amazon services

You can monitor replication performance between tables in different Amazon Web Services Regions by using Amazon CloudWatch metrics. The following metric provides continuous monitoring of multi-Region keyspaces.

For more information about how to monitor CloudWatch metrics, see Monitoring Amazon Keyspaces with Amazon CloudWatch.