Use IMDSv2 - Amazon Elastic Compute Cloud
How Instance Metadata Service Version 2 worksTransition to using Instance Metadata Service Version 2
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Use IMDSv2

You can access instance metadata from a running instance using one of the following methods:

  • Instance Metadata Service Version 1 (IMDSv1) – a request/response method

  • Instance Metadata Service Version 2 (IMDSv2) – a session-oriented method

By default, you can use either IMDSv1 or IMDSv2, or both. The instance metadata service distinguishes between IMDSv1 and IMDSv2 requests based on whether, for any given request, either the PUT or GET headers, which are unique to IMDSv2, are present in that request. For more information, see Add defense in depth against open firewalls, reverse proxies, and SSRF vulnerabilities with enhancements to the EC2 Instance Metadata Service.

You can configure the instance metadata service on each instance so that local code or users must use IMDSv2. When you specify that IMDSv2 must be used, IMDSv1 no longer works. For more information, see Configure the instance metadata options.

To retrieve instance metadata, see Retrieve instance metadata.

Note

The examples in this section use the IPv4 address of the instance metadata service: 169.254.169.254. If you are retrieving instance metadata for EC2 instances over the IPv6 address, ensure that you enable and use the IPv6 address instead: fd00:ec2::254. The IPv6 address of the instance metadata service is compatible with IMDSv2 commands. The IPv6 address is only accessible on Instances built on the Nitro System.

How Instance Metadata Service Version 2 works

IMDSv2 uses session-oriented requests. With session-oriented requests, you create a session token that defines the session duration, which can be a minimum of one second and a maximum of six hours. During the specified duration, you can use the same session token for subsequent requests. After the specified duration expires, you must create a new session token to use for future requests.

The following example uses a Linux shell script and IMDSv2 to retrieve the top-level instance metadata items. The example:

  • Creates a session token lasting six hours (21,600 seconds) using the PUT request

  • Stores the session token header in a variable named TOKEN

  • Requests the top-level metadata items using the token

You can run two separate commands, or combine them.

Separate commands

First, generate a token using the following command.

[ec2-user ~]$ TOKEN=`curl -X PUT "http://169.254.169.254/latest/api/token" -H "X-aws-ec2-metadata-token-ttl-seconds: 21600"`

Then, use the token to generate top-level metadata items using the following command.

[ec2-user ~]$ curl -H "X-aws-ec2-metadata-token: $TOKEN" -v http://169.254.169.254/latest/meta-data/

Combined commands

You can store the token and combine the commands. The following example combines the above two commands and stores the session token header in a variable named TOKEN.

Note

If there is an error in creating the token, instead of a valid token, an error message is stored in the variable, and the command will not work.

[ec2-user ~]$ TOKEN=`curl -X PUT "http://169.254.169.254/latest/api/token" -H "X-aws-ec2-metadata-token-ttl-seconds: 21600"` \
&& curl -H "X-aws-ec2-metadata-token: $TOKEN" -v http://169.254.169.254/latest/meta-data/

After you've created a token, you can reuse it until it expires. In the following example command, which gets the ID of the AMI used to launch the instance, the token that is stored in $TOKEN in the previous example is reused.

[ec2-user ~]$ curl -H "X-aws-ec2-metadata-token: $TOKEN" -v http://169.254.169.254/latest/meta-data/ami-id

When you use IMDSv2 to request instance metadata, the request must include the following:

  1. Use a PUT request to initiate a session to the instance metadata service. The PUT request returns a token that must be included in subsequent GET requests to the instance metadata service. The token is required to access metadata using IMDSv2.

  2. Include the token in all GET requests to the instance metadata service. When token usage is set to required, requests without a valid token or with an expired token receive a 401 - Unauthorized HTTP error code. For information about changing the token usage requirement, see modify-instance-metadata-options in the Amazon CLI Command Reference.

    • The token is an instance-specific key. The token is not valid on other EC2 instances and will be rejected if you attempt to use it outside of the instance on which it was generated.

    • The PUT request must include a header that specifies the time to live (TTL) for the token, in seconds, up to a maximum of six hours (21,600 seconds). The token represents a logical session. The TTL specifies the length of time that the token is valid and, therefore, the duration of the session.

    • After a token expires, to continue accessing instance metadata, you must create a new session using another PUT.

    • You can choose to reuse a token or create a new token with every request. For a small number of requests, it might be easier to generate and immediately use a token each time you need to access the instance metadata service. But for efficiency, you can specify a longer duration for the token and reuse it rather than having to write a PUT request every time you need to request instance metadata. There is no practical limit on the number of concurrent tokens, each representing its own session. IMDSv2 is, however, still constrained by normal instance metadata service connection and throttling limits. For more information, see Query throttling.

HTTP GET and HEAD methods are allowed in IMDSv2 instance metadata requests. PUT requests are rejected if they contain an X-Forwarded-For header.

By default, the response to PUT requests has a response hop limit (time to live) of 1 at the IP protocol level. You can adjust the hop limit using the modify-instance-metadata-options command if you need to make it larger. For example, you might need a larger hop limit for backward compatibility with container services running on the instance. For more information, see modify-instance-metadata-options in the Amazon CLI Command Reference.

Transition to using Instance Metadata Service Version 2

Use of Instance Metadata Service Version 2 (IMDSv2) is optional. Instance Metadata Service Version 1 (IMDSv1) will continue to be supported indefinitely. If you choose to migrate to using IMDSv2, we recommend that you use the following tools and transition path.

Tools for helping with the transition to IMDSv2

If your software uses IMDSv1, use the following tools to help reconfigure your software to use IMDSv2.

Amazon software

The latest versions of the Amazon CLI and Amazon SDKs support IMDSv2. To use IMDSv2, make sure that your EC2 instances have the latest versions of the CLI and SDKs. For information about updating the CLI, see Installing, updating, and uninstalling the Amazon CLI in the Amazon Command Line Interface User Guide.

All Amazon Linux 2 software packages support IMDSv2.

CloudWatch

IMDSv2 uses token-backed sessions, while IMDSv1 does not. The MetadataNoToken CloudWatch metric tracks the number of calls to the instance metadata service that are using IMDSv1. By tracking this metric to zero, you can determine if and when all of your software has been upgraded to use IMDSv2. For more information, see Instance metrics.

Updates to EC2 APIs and CLIs

For existing instances, you can use the modify-instance-metadata-options CLI command (or the ModifyInstanceMetadataOptions API) to require the use of IMDSv2. For new instances, you can use the run-instances CLI command (or the RunInstances API) and the metadata-options parameter to launch new instances that require the use of IMDSv2.

To require the use of IMDSv2 on all new instances launched by Auto Scaling groups, your Auto Scaling groups can use either a launch template or a launch configuration. When you create a launch template or create a launch configuration, you must configure the MetadataOptions parameters to require the use of IMDSv2. After you configure the launch template or launch configuration, the Auto Scaling group launches new instances using the new launch template or launch configuration, but existing instances are not affected.

Use the modify-instance-metadata-options CLI command (or the ModifyInstanceMetadataOptions API) to require the use of IMDSv2 on the existing instances, or terminate the instances and the Auto Scaling group will launch new replacement instances with the instance metadata options settings that are defined in the launch template or launch configuration.

Use an AMI that configures IMDSv2 by default

When you launch an instance, you can automatically configure it to use IMDSv2 by default (the HttpTokens parameter is set to required) by launching it with an AMI that is configured with the ImdsSupport parameter set to v2.0. You set the ImdsSupport parameter to v2.0 when you register the AMI using the register-image CLI command. For more information, see Configure the AMI.

IAM policies and SCPs

You can use an IAM policy or Amazon Organizations service control policy (SCP) to control IAM users as follows:

The IAM policy or SCP must contain the following IAM condition keys:

  • ec2:MetadataHttpEndpoint

  • ec2:MetadataHttpPutResponseHopLimit

  • ec2:MetadataHttpTokens

If a parameter in the API or CLI call does not match the state specified in the policy that contains the condition key, the API or CLI call fails with an UnauthorizedOperation response.

Furthermore, you can choose an additional layer of protection to enforce the change from IMDSv1 to IMDSv2. At the access management layer with respect to the APIs called via EC2 Role credentials, you can use a new condition key in either IAM policies or Amazon Organizations service control policies (SCPs). Specifically, by using the condition key ec2:RoleDelivery with a value of 2.0 in your IAM policies, API calls made with EC2 Role credentials obtained from IMDSv1 will receive an UnauthorizedOperation response. The same thing can be achieved more broadly with that condition required by an SCP. This ensures that credentials delivered via IMDSv1 cannot actually be used to call APIs because any API calls not matching the specified condition will receive an UnauthorizedOperation error.

For example IAM policies, see Work with instance metadata. For more information on SCPs, see Service Control Policies in the Amazon Organizations User Guide.

Recommended path to requiring IMDSv2 access

Using the above tools, we recommend that you follow this path for transitioning to IMDSv2:

Step 1: At the start

Update the SDKs, CLIs, and your software that use Role credentials on their EC2 instances to versions compatible with IMDSv2. For information about updating the CLI, see Upgrading to the latest version of the Amazon CLI in the Amazon Command Line Interface User Guide.

Then, change your software that directly accesses instance metadata (in other words, that does not use an SDK) using the IMDSv2 requests.

Step 2: Track your transition progress

Track your transition progress by using the CloudWatch metric MetadataNoToken. This metric shows the number of calls to the instance metadata service that are using IMDSv1 on your instances. For more information, see Instance metrics.

Step 3: When there is zero IMDSv1 usage

When the CloudWatch metric MetadataNoToken records zero IMDSv1 usage, your instances are ready to be fully transitioned to using IMDSv2. At this stage, you can do the following:

  • New instances

    When launching a new instance, you can do the following:

    • Amazon EC2 console: In the launch instance wizard, set Metadata accessible to Enabled and Metadata version to V2 only (token required). For more information, see Configure the instance at launch.

    • Amazon CLI: Use the run-instances CLI command to specify that only IMDSv2 is to be used.

  • Existing instances

    : You can require IMDSv2 use through the modify-instance-metadata-options CLI command. You can make these changes on running instances; you don't need to restart your instances.

Note

Updating instance metadata options for existing instances is available only through the API or Amazon CLI. It is currently not available in the Amazon EC2 console. For more information, see Configure the instance metadata options.

Step 4: When all of your instances are transitioned to IMDSv2

The ec2:MetadataHttpTokens, ec2:MetadataHttpPutResponseHopLimit, and ec2:MetadataHttpEndpoint IAM condition keys can be used to control the use of the RunInstances and the ModifyInstanceMetadataOptions API and corresponding CLI. If a policy is created, and a parameter in the API call does not match the state specified in the policy using the condition key, the API or CLI call fails with an UnauthorizedOperation response. For example IAM policies, see Work with instance metadata.