Aurora MySQL in-place upgrade tutorial

The following Linux examples show how you might perform the general steps of the in-place upgrade procedure using the Amazon CLI.

This first example creates an Aurora DB cluster that's running a 2.x version of Aurora MySQL. The cluster includes a writer DB instance and a reader DB instance. The wait db-instance-available command pauses until the writer DB instance is available. That's the point when the cluster is ready to be upgraded.


aws rds create-db-cluster --db-cluster-identifier mynewdbcluster --engine aurora-mysql \
  --db-cluster-version 5.7.mysql_aurora.2.10.2
...
aws rds create-db-instance --db-instance-identifier mynewdbcluster-instance1 \
  --db-cluster-identifier mynewdbcluster --db-instance-class db.t4g.medium --engine aurora-mysql
...
aws rds wait db-instance-available --db-instance-identifier mynewdbcluster-instance1

The Aurora MySQL 3.x versions that you can upgrade the cluster to depend on the 2.x version that the cluster is currently running and on the Amazon Web Services Region where the cluster is located. The first command, with --output text, just shows the available target version. The second command shows the full JSON output of the response. In that response, you can see details such as the aurora-mysql value that you use for the engine parameter. You can also see the fact that upgrading to 3.02.0 represents a major version upgrade.


aws rds describe-db-clusters --db-cluster-identifier mynewdbcluster \
  --query '*[].{EngineVersion:EngineVersion}' --output text
5.7.mysql_aurora.2.10.2

aws rds describe-db-engine-versions --engine aurora-mysql --engine-version 5.7.mysql_aurora.2.10.2 \
  --query '*[].[ValidUpgradeTarget]'
...
{
    "Engine": "aurora-mysql",
    "EngineVersion": "8.0.mysql_aurora.3.02.0",
    "Description": "Aurora MySQL 3.02.0 (compatible with MySQL 8.0.23)",
    "AutoUpgrade": false,
    "IsMajorVersionUpgrade": true,
    "SupportedEngineModes": [
        "provisioned"
    ],
    "SupportsParallelQuery": true,
    "SupportsGlobalDatabases": true,
    "SupportsBabelfish": false
},
...

This example shows how if you enter a target version number that isn't a valid upgrade target for the cluster, Aurora doesn't perform the upgrade. Aurora also doesn't perform a major version upgrade unless you include the --allow-major-version-upgrade parameter. That way, you can't accidentally perform an upgrade that has the potential to require extensive testing and changes to your application code.


aws rds modify-db-cluster --db-cluster-identifier mynewdbcluster \
  --engine-version 5.7.mysql_aurora.2.09.2 --apply-immediately
An error occurred (InvalidParameterCombination) when calling the ModifyDBCluster operation: Cannot find upgrade target from 5.7.mysql_aurora.2.10.2 with requested version 5.7.mysql_aurora.2.09.2.

aws rds modify-db-cluster --db-cluster-identifier mynewdbcluster \
  --engine-version 8.0.mysql_aurora.3.02.0 --region us-east-1 --apply-immediately
An error occurred (InvalidParameterCombination) when calling the ModifyDBCluster operation: The AllowMajorVersionUpgrade flag must be present when upgrading to a new major version.

aws rds modify-db-cluster --db-cluster-identifier mynewdbcluster \
  --engine-version 8.0.mysql_aurora.3.02.0 --apply-immediately --allow-major-version-upgrade
{
  "DBClusterIdentifier": "mynewdbcluster",
  "Status": "available",
  "Engine": "aurora-mysql",
  "EngineVersion": "5.7.mysql_aurora.2.10.2"
}

It takes a few moments for the status of the cluster and associated DB instances to change to upgrading. The version numbers for the cluster and DB instances only change when the upgrade is finished. Again, you can use the wait db-instance-available command for the writer DB instance to wait until the upgrade is finished before proceeding.


aws rds describe-db-clusters --db-cluster-identifier mynewdbcluster \
  --query '*[].[Status,EngineVersion]' --output text
upgrading 5.7.mysql_aurora.2.10.2

aws rds describe-db-instances --db-instance-identifier mynewdbcluster-instance1 \
  --query '*[].{DBInstanceIdentifier:DBInstanceIdentifier,DBInstanceStatus:DBInstanceStatus} | [0]'
{
    "DBInstanceIdentifier": "mynewdbcluster-instance1",
    "DBInstanceStatus": "upgrading"
}

aws rds wait db-instance-available --db-instance-identifier mynewdbcluster-instance1

At this point, the version number for the cluster matches the one that was specified for the upgrade.


aws rds describe-db-clusters --db-cluster-identifier mynewdbcluster \
  --query '*[].[EngineVersion]' --output text

8.0.mysql_aurora.3.02.0

The preceding example did an immediate upgrade by specifying the --apply-immediately parameter. To let the upgrade happen at a convenient time when the cluster isn't expected to be busy, you can specify the --no-apply-immediately parameter. Doing so makes the upgrade start during the next maintenance window for the cluster. The maintenance window defines the period during which maintenance operations can start. A long-running operation might not finish during the maintenance window. Thus, you don't need to define a larger maintenance window even if you expect that the upgrade might take a long time.

The following example upgrades a cluster that's initially running Aurora MySQL version 2.10.2. In the describe-db-engine-versions output, the False and True values represent the IsMajorVersionUpgrade property. From version 2.10.2, you can upgrade to some other 2.* versions. Those upgrades aren't considered major version upgrades and so don't require an in-place upgrade. In-place upgrade is only available for upgrades to the 3.* versions that are shown in the list.


aws rds describe-db-clusters --db-cluster-identifier mynewdbcluster \
  --query '*[].{EngineVersion:EngineVersion}' --output text
5.7.mysql_aurora.2.10.2

aws rds describe-db-engine-versions --engine aurora-mysql --engine-version 5.7.mysql_aurora.2.10.2 \
  --query '*[].[ValidUpgradeTarget]|[0][0]|[*].[EngineVersion,IsMajorVersionUpgrade]' --output text

5.7.mysql_aurora.2.10.3 False
5.7.mysql_aurora.2.11.0 False
5.7.mysql_aurora.2.11.1 False
8.0.mysql_aurora.3.01.1 True
8.0.mysql_aurora.3.02.0 True
8.0.mysql_aurora.3.02.2 True


aws rds modify-db-cluster --db-cluster-identifier mynewdbcluster \
  --engine-version 8.0.mysql_aurora.3.02.0 --no-apply-immediately --allow-major-version-upgrade
...

When a cluster is created without a specified maintenance window, Aurora picks a random day of the week. In this case, the modify-db-cluster command is submitted on a Monday. Thus, we change the maintenance window to be Tuesday morning. All times are represented in the UTC time zone. The tue:10:00-tue:10:30 window corresponds to 2:00-2:30 AM Pacific time. The change in the maintenance window takes effect immediately.


aws rds describe-db-clusters --db-cluster-identifier mynewdbcluster --query '*[].[PreferredMaintenanceWindow]'
[
    [
        "sat:08:20-sat:08:50"
    ]
]

aws rds modify-db-cluster --db-cluster-identifier mynewdbcluster --preferred-maintenance-window tue:10:00-tue:10:30"
aws rds describe-db-clusters --db-cluster-identifier mynewdbcluster --query '*[].[PreferredMaintenanceWindow]'
[
    [
        "tue:10:00-tue:10:30"
    ]
]

The following example shows how to get a report of the events generated by the upgrade. The --duration argument represents the number of minutes to retrieve the event information. This argument is needed, because by default describe-events only returns events from the last hour.


aws rds describe-events --source-type db-cluster --source-identifier mynewdbcluster --duration 20160
{
    "Events": [
        {
            "SourceIdentifier": "mynewdbcluster",
            "SourceType": "db-cluster",
            "Message": "DB cluster created",
            "EventCategories": [
                "creation"
            ],
            "Date": "2022-11-17T01:24:11.093000+00:00",
            "SourceArn": "arn:aws-cn:rds:us-east-1:123456789012:cluster:mynewdbcluster"
        },
        {
            "SourceIdentifier": "mynewdbcluster",
            "SourceType": "db-cluster",
            "Message": "Upgrade in progress: Performing online pre-upgrade checks.",
            "EventCategories": [
                "maintenance"
            ],
            "Date": "2022-11-18T22:57:08.450000+00:00",
            "SourceArn": "arn:aws-cn:rds:us-east-1:123456789012:cluster:mynewdbcluster"
        },
        {
            "SourceIdentifier": "mynewdbcluster",
            "SourceType": "db-cluster",
            "Message": "Upgrade in progress: Performing offline pre-upgrade checks.",
            "EventCategories": [
                "maintenance"
            ],
            "Date": "2022-11-18T22:57:59.519000+00:00",
            "SourceArn": "arn:aws-cn:rds:us-east-1:123456789012:cluster:mynewdbcluster"
        },
        {
            "SourceIdentifier": "mynewdbcluster",
            "SourceType": "db-cluster",
            "Message": "Upgrade in progress: Creating pre-upgrade snapshot [preupgrade-mynewdbcluster-5-7-mysql-aurora-2-10-2-to-8-0-mysql-aurora-3-02-0-2022-11-18-22-55].",
            "EventCategories": [
                "maintenance"
            ],
            "Date": "2022-11-18T23:00:22.318000+00:00",
            "SourceArn": "arn:aws-cn:rds:us-east-1:123456789012:cluster:mynewdbcluster"
        },
        {
            "SourceIdentifier": "mynewdbcluster",
            "SourceType": "db-cluster",
            "Message": "Upgrade in progress: Cloning volume.",
            "EventCategories": [
                "maintenance"
            ],
            "Date": "2022-11-18T23:01:45.428000+00:00",
            "SourceArn": "arn:aws-cn:rds:us-east-1:123456789012:cluster:mynewdbcluster"
        },
        {
            "SourceIdentifier": "mynewdbcluster",
            "SourceType": "db-cluster",
            "Message": "Upgrade in progress: Purging undo records for old row versions. Records remaining: 164",
            "EventCategories": [
                "maintenance"
            ],
            "Date": "2022-11-18T23:02:25.141000+00:00",
            "SourceArn": "arn:aws-cn:rds:us-east-1:123456789012:cluster:mynewdbcluster"
        },
        {
            "SourceIdentifier": "mynewdbcluster",
            "SourceType": "db-cluster",
            "Message": "Upgrade in progress: Purging undo records for old row versions. Records remaining: 164",
            "EventCategories": [
                "maintenance"
            ],
            "Date": "2022-11-18T23:06:23.036000+00:00",
            "SourceArn": "arn:aws-cn:rds:us-east-1:123456789012:cluster:mynewdbcluster"
        },
        {
            "SourceIdentifier": "mynewdbcluster",
            "SourceType": "db-cluster",
            "Message": "Upgrade in progress: Upgrading database objects.",
            "EventCategories": [
                "maintenance"
            ],
            "Date": "2022-11-18T23:06:48.208000+00:00",
            "SourceArn": "arn:aws-cn:rds:us-east-1:123456789012:cluster:mynewdbcluster"
        },
        {
            "SourceIdentifier": "mynewdbcluster",
            "SourceType": "db-cluster",
            "Message": "Database cluster major version has been upgraded",
            "EventCategories": [
                "maintenance"
            ],
            "Date": "2022-11-18T23:10:28.999000+00:00",
            "SourceArn": "arn:aws-cn:rds:us-east-1:123456789012:cluster:mynewdbcluster"
        }
    ]
}

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How to perform an in-place upgrade

Finding the reasons for major version upgrade failures