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How DynamoDB global tables work

The following sections describe the concepts and behaviors of global tables in Amazon DynamoDB.

Concepts

Global tables is a DynamoDB feature that replicates table data across Amazon Regions.

A replica table (or replica) is a DynamoDB table that functions as part of a global table. A global table consists of two or more replica tables across different Amazon Regions. Each global table can have only one replica per Amazon Region. All replicas in a global table share the same table name, primary key schema, and item data.

When an application writes data to a replica in one Region, DynamoDB automatically replicates the write to all other replicas in the global table. For more information about how to get started with global tables, see Tutorials: Creating global tables.

Versions

There are two versions of DynamoDB global tables available: Version 2019.11.21 (Current) and Version 2017.11.29 (Legacy). You should use Version 2019.11.21 (Current) whenever possible. The information in this documentation section is for Version 2019.11.21 (Current). For more information, see Determining the version of a global table.

Availability

Global tables help improve your business continuity by making it easier to implement a multi-Region high availability architecture. If a workload in a single Amazon Region becomes impaired, you can shift application traffic to a different Region and perform reads and writes to a different replica table in the same global table.

Each replica table in a global table provides the same durability and availability as a single-Region DynamoDB table. Global tables offer a 99.999% availability Service Level Agreement (SLA), compared to 99.99% for single-Region tables.

Consistency modes

When you create a global table, you can configure its consistency mode. Global tables support two consistency modes: multi-Region eventual consistency (MREC), and multi-Region strong consistency (MRSC).

If you do not specify a consistency mode when creating a global table, the global table defaults to multi-Region eventual consistency (MREC). A global table cannot contain replicas configured with different consistency modes. You cannot change a global table's consistency mode after creation.

Multi-Region eventual consistency (MREC)

Multi-Region eventual consistency (MREC) is the default consistency mode for global tables. Item changes in an MREC global table replica are asynchronously replicated to all other replicas, typically within a second or less. In the unlikely event a replica in a MREC global table becomes isolated or impaired, any data not yet replicated to other Regions will be replicated when the replica becomes healthy.

If the same item is modified in multiple Regions simultaneously, DynamoDB will resolve the conflict by using the modification with the latest internal timestamp on a per-item basis, referred to as a "last writer wins" conflict resolution method. An item will eventually converge in all replicas to the version created by the last write.

Strongly consistent read operations return the latest version of an item if that item was last updated in the Region where the read occurred, but may return stale data if the item was last updated in a different Region. Conditional writes evaluate the condition expression against the version of the item in the Region.

You create a MREC global table by adding a replica to an existing DynamoDB table. Adding a replica has no performance impact on existing single-Region DynamoDB tables or global table replicas. You can add replicas to a MREC global table to expand the number of Regions where data is replicated, or remove replicas from an MREC global table if they are no longer needed. An MREC global table can have a replica in any Region where DynamoDB is available, and can have as many replicas as there are Regions in the Amazon partition.

Multi-Region strong consistency (MRSC)

You can configure multi-Region strong consistency (MRSC) mode when you create a global table. Item changes in an MRSC global table replica are synchronously replicated to at least one other Region before the write operation returns a successful response.

Strongly consistent read operations on any MRSC replica always returns the latest version of an item. Conditional writes always evaluate the condition expression against the latest version of an item.

A write operation fails with a ReplicatedWriteConflictException when it attempts to modify an item that is already being modified in another Region. Writes that fail with the ReplicatedWriteConflictException can be retried, and will succeed if the item is no longer being modified in another Region.

You can configure a MRSC global table with three replicas, or with two replicas and one witness. A witness is a component of a MRSC global table that contains data written to global table replicas, and provides an optional alternative to a full replica while supporting MRSC's availability architecture. You cannot perform read or write operations on a witness. A witness is located in a different Region than the two replicas.

When creating a MRSC global table, you choose the Regions for both your replicas and the witness deployment at MRSC table creation time. You can determine whether and in which Region a MRSC global table has a witness configured from the output of the DescribeTable API. The witness is owned and managed by DynamoDB, and the witness will not appear in your Amazon account in the Region where it is configured.

A MRSC global table must be deployed in exactly three Regions. You create a MRSC global table by adding one replica and a witness or two replicas to an existing DynamoDB table that contains no data. You cannot add additional replicas to an existing MRSC global table. You cannot delete a single replica or a witness from a MRSC global table. You can delete two replicas or delete one replica and a witness from a MRSC global table, converting the remaining replica to a single-Region DynamoDB table.

The following considerations apply to MRSC global tables:

Choosing a consistency mode

The key criteria for choosing a multi-Region consistency mode is whether your application prioritizes lower latency writes and strongly consistent reads, or prioritizes global strong consistency.

MREC global tables will have lower write and strongly consistent read latencies compared to MRSC global tables. MREC global tables can support a Recovery Point Objective (RPO) equal to the replication delay between replicas, usually a few seconds depending on the replica Regions.

You should use the MREC mode when:

MRSC global tables will have higher write and strongly consistent read latencies compared to MREC global tables. MRSC global tables support a Recovery Point Objective (RPO) of zero.

You should use the MRSC mode when:

Monitoring global tables

Global tables configured for multi-Region eventual consistency (MREC) publish the ReplicationLatency metric to CloudWatch. This metric tracks the elapsed time between when an item is written to a replica table, and when that item appears in another replica in the global table. ReplicationLatency is expressed in milliseconds and is emitted for every source and destination Region pair in a global table.

Typical ReplicationLatency values depends on the distance between your chosen Amazon Regions, as well as other variables like workload type and throughput. For example, a source replica in the US West (N. California) (us-west-1) Region has lower ReplicationLatency to the US West (Oregon) (us-west-2) Region compared to the Africa (Cape Town) (af-south-1) Region.

An increasing value for ReplicationLatency could indicate that updates from one replica are not propagating to other replica tables in a timely manner. In this case, you can temporarily redirect your application's read and write activity to a different Amazon Region.

Global tables configured for multi-Region strong consistency (MRSC) do not publish a ReplicationLatency metric.

Fault injection testing

MREC global tables integrate with the Amazon Fault Injection Service (Amazon FIS) for performing fault injection experiments on your global table workloads. This enables you to test your application's response to a simulated Region isolation by pausing replication to and from a selected replica. For more information, see pausing global table replication.

Time To Live (TTL)

Global tables configured for MREC support configuring Time To Live (TTL) deletion. TTL settings are automatically synchronized for all replicas in a global table. When TTL deletes an item from a replica in a Region, the delete is replicated to all other replicas in the global table. TTL does not consume write capacity, so you are not charged for the TTL delete in the Region where the delete occurred. However, you are charged for the replicated delete in each other region with a replica in the global table.

TTL delete replication consumes write capacity on the replicas to which the delete is being replicated. Replicas configured for provisioned capacity may throttle requests if the combination of write throughput and TTL delete throughput is higher than the provisioned write capacity.

Global tables configured for multi-Region strong consistency (MRSC) do not support configuring Time To Live (TTL) deletion.

Streams

Global tables configured for multi-Region eventual consistency (MREC) replicate changes by reading those changes from a DynamoDB Stream on a replica table and applying that change to all other replica tables. Streams are therefore enabled by default on all replicas in an MREC global table, and cannot be disabled on those replicas. The MREC replication process may combine multiple changes in a short period of time into a single replicated write, resulting in each replica's Stream containing slightly different records. Streams records on MREC replicas are always ordered on a per-item basis, but ordering between items may differ between replicas.

Global tables configured for multi-Region strong consistency (MRSC) do not use DynamoDB Streams for replication, so Streams are not enabled by default on MRSC replicas. You can enable Streams on an MRSC replica. Streams records on MRSC replicas are identical for every replica, inluding Stream record ordering.

If you want to write an application that processes Streams records for changes that occurred in a particular Region but not other Regions in a global table, you can add an attribute to each item that defines in which Region the change for that item occurred. You can use this attribute to filter Streams records for changes that occurred in other Regions, including the use of Lambda event filters to only invoke Lambda functions for changes in a specific Region.

Transactions

On a global table configured for MREC, DynamoDB transaction operations ( TransactWriteItems and TransactGetItems) are only atomic within the Region where the operation was invoked. Transactional writes are not replicated as a unit across Regions, meaning only some of the writes in a transaction may be returned by read operations in other replicas at a given point in time.

For example, if you have a global table with replicas in the US East (Ohio) and US West (Oregon) Regions and perform a TransactWriteItems operation in the US East (Ohio) Region, you may observe partially completed transactions in the US West (Oregon) Region as changes are replicated. Changes will only be replicated to other Regions once they've been committed in the source Region.

Global tables configured for multi-Region strong consistency (MRSC) do not support transaction operations, and will return an error if those operations are invoked on an MRSC replica.

Read and write throughput

Replication consumes write capacity. Replicas configured for provisioned capacity may throttle requests if the combination of write throughput and replication throughput is higher than the provisioned write capacity. Write capacity in on-demand mode is synchronized for all replicas in a global table. Global tables configured for provisioned capacity synchronize auto scaling settings between replicas. The actual provisioned write capacity setting may vary between replicas according to consumed write throughput.

You can independently configure read capacity settings for each replica in a global table. When adding a replica to a global table, the read capacity of the source table or replica is used as the initial value unless an override value is specified.

Settings synchronization

Settings in DynamoDB global tables are configuration parameters that control various aspects of table behavior and replication. These settings are managed through the DynamoDB control plane APIs and can be configured when creating or modifying global tables. Global tables automatically synchronize certain settings across all replicas to maintain consistency, while allowing flexibility for region-specific optimizations. Understanding which settings synchronize and how they behave helps you configure your global table effectively. The settings fall into three main categories based on how they are synchronized across replicas.

The following settings are always synchronized between replicas in a global table:

The following settings are synchronized between replicas, but can be overridden on a per-replica basis:

The following settings are never synchronized between replicas:

All other settings are not synchronized between replicas.

DynamoDB Accelerator (DAX)

Writes to global table replicas bypass DynamoDB Accelerator (DAX), updating DynamoDB directly. As a result, DAX caches can become stale as writes are not updating the DAX cache. DAX caches configured for global table replicas will only be refreshed when the cache TTL expires.

Considerations for managing global tables

You can't delete a table used to add a new global table replica until 24 hours have elapsed since the new replica was created.

If you disable an Amazon Region that contains global table replicas, those replicas are permanently converted to single-Region tables 20 hours after the Region is disabled.