Services or capabilities described in Amazon Web Services documentation might vary by Region. To see the differences applicable to the China Regions, see Getting Started with Amazon Web Services in China (PDF).

Defining enhanced subscriptions filters in Amazon AppSync

In Amazon AppSync, you can define and enable business logic for data filtering on the backend directly in the GraphQL API subscription resolvers by using filters that support additional logical operators. You can configure these filters, unlike the subscription arguments that are defined on the subscription query in the client. For more information about using subscription arguments, see Using subscription arguments. For a list of operators, see Amazon AppSync resolver mapping template utility reference.

For the purpose of this document, we divide real-time data filtering into the following categories:

The following sections explain how to configure enhanced subscription filters and show their practical use.

Defining subscriptions in your GraphQL schema

To use enhanced subscription filters, you define the subscription in the GraphQL schema then define the enhanced filter using a filtering extension. To illustrate how enhanced subscription filtering works in Amazon AppSync, use the following GraphQL schema, which defines a ticket management system API, as an example:

type Ticket {
	id: ID
	createdAt: AWSDateTime
	content: String
	severity: Int
	priority: Priority
	category: String
	group: String
	status: String
	
}

type Mutation {
	createTicket(input: TicketInput): Ticket
}

type Query {
	getTicket(id: ID!): Ticket
}

type Subscription {
	onSpecialTicketCreated: Ticket @aws_subscribe(mutations: ["createTicket"])
	onGroupTicketCreated(group: String!): Ticket @aws_subscribe(mutations: ["createTicket"])
}



enum Priority {
	none
	lowest
	low
	medium
	high
	highest
}

input TicketInput {
	content: String
	severity: Int
	priority: Priority
	category: String
	group: String
	

Suppose you create a NONE data source for your API, then attach a resolver to the createTicket mutation using this data source. Your handlers may look like this:

import { util } from '@aws-appsync/utils';

export function request(ctx) {
	return {
		payload: {
			id: util.autoId(),
			createdAt: util.time.nowISO8601(),
			status: 'pending',
			...ctx.args.input,
		},
	};
}

export function response(ctx) {
	return ctx.result;
}

To implement the behavior of the enhanced filter, you must use the extensions.setSubscriptionFilter() function to define a filter expression evaluated against published data from a GraphQL mutation that the subscribed clients might be interested in. For more information about the filtering extensions, see Extensions.

The following section explains how to use filtering extensions to implement enhanced filters.

Creating enhanced subscription filters using filtering extensions

Enhanced filters are written in JSON in the response handler of the subscription's resolvers. Filters can be grouped together in a list called a filterGroup. Filters are defined using at least one rule, each with fields, operators, and values. Let’s define a new resolver for onSpecialTicketCreated that sets up an enhanced filter. You can configure multiple rules in a filter that are evaluated using AND logic, while multiple filters in a filter group are evaluated using OR logic:

import { util, extensions } from '@aws-appsync/utils';

export function request(ctx) {
	// simplfy return null for the payload
	return { payload: null };
}

export function response(ctx) {
	const filter = {
		or: [
			{ severity: { ge: 7 }, priority: { in: ['high', 'medium'] } },
			{ category: { eq: 'security' }, group: { in: ['admin', 'operators'] } },
		],
	};
	extensions.setSubscriptionFilter(util.transform.toSubscriptionFilter(filter));

  // important: return null in the response
	return null;
}

Based on the filters defined in the preceding example, important tickets are automatically pushed to subscribed API clients if a ticket is created with:

OR

Filters defined in the subscription resolver (enhanced filtering) take precedence over filtering based only on subscription arguments (basic filtering). For more information about using subscription arguments, see Using subscription arguments).

If an argument is defined and required in the GraphQL schema of the subscription, filtering based on the given argument takes place only if the argument is defined as a rule in the resolver's extensions.setSubscriptionFilter() method. However, if there are no extensions filtering methods in the subscription resolver, arguments defined in the client are used only for basic filtering. You can't use basic filtering and enhanced filtering concurrently.

You can use the context variable in the subscription's filter extension logic to access contextual information about the request. For example, when using Amazon Cognito User Pools, OIDC, or Lambda custom authorizers for authorization, you can retrieve information about your users in context.identity when the subscription is established. You can use that information to establish filters based on your users’ identity.

Now assume that you want to implement the enhanced filter behavior for onGroupTicketCreated. The onGroupTicketCreated subscription requires a mandatory group name as an argument. When created, tickets are automatically assigned a pending status. You can set up a subscription filter to only receive newly created tickets that belong to the provided group:

import { util, extensions } from '@aws-appsync/utils';

export function request(ctx) {
	// simplfy return null for the payload
	return { payload: null };
}

export function response(ctx) {
	const filter = { group: { eq: ctx.args.group }, status: { eq: 'pending' } };
	extensions.setSubscriptionFilter(util.transform.toSubscriptionFilter(filter));

	return null;
}

When data is published using a mutation like in the following example:

mutation CreateTicket {
  createTicket(input: {priority: medium, severity: 2, group: "aws"}) {
    id
    priority
    severity
    status
    group
    createdAt
  }
}

Subscribed clients listen for the data to be automatically pushed via WebSockets as soon as a ticket is created with the createTicket mutation:

subscription OnGroup {
  onGroupTicketCreated(group: "aws") {
    category
    status
    severity
    priority
    id
    group
    createdAt
    content
  }
}

Clients can be subscribed without arguments because the filtering logic is implemented in the Amazon AppSync service with enhanced filtering, which simplifies the client code. Clients receive data only if the defined filter criteria is met.

Defining enhanced filters for nested schema fields

You can use enhanced subscription filtering to filter nested schema fields. Suppose we modified the schema from the previous section to include location and address types:

type Ticket {
	id: ID
	createdAt: AWSDateTime
	content: String
	severity: Int
	priority: Priority
	category: String
	group: String
	status: String
	location: ProblemLocation
}

type Mutation {
	createTicket(input: TicketInput): Ticket
}

type Query {
	getTicket(id: ID!): Ticket
}

type Subscription {
	onSpecialTicketCreated: Ticket @aws_subscribe(mutations: ["createTicket"])
	onGroupTicketCreated(group: String!): Ticket @aws_subscribe(mutations: ["createTicket"])
}

type ProblemLocation {
	address: Address
}

type Address {
	country: String
}

enum Priority {
	none
	lowest
	low
	medium
	high
	highest
}

input TicketInput {
	content: String
	severity: Int
	priority: Priority
	category: String
	group: String
	location: AWSJSON

With this schema, you can use a . separator to represent nesting. The following example adds a filter rule for a nested schema field under location.address.country. The subscription will be triggered if the ticket's address is set to USA:

import { util, extensions } from '@aws-appsync/utils';

export const request = (ctx) => ({ payload: null });

export function response(ctx) {
	const filter = {
		or: [
			{ severity: { ge: 7 }, priority: { in: ['high', 'medium'] } },
			{ category: { eq: 'security' }, group: { in: ['admin', 'operators'] } },
			{ 'location.address.country': { eq: 'USA' } },
		],
	};
	extensions.setSubscriptionFilter(util.transform.toSubscriptionFilter(filter));
	return null;
}

In the example above, location represents nesting level one, address represents nesting level two, and country represents nesting level three, all of which are separated by the . separator.

You can test this subscription by using the createTicket mutation:

mutation CreateTicketInUSA {
  createTicket(input: {location: "{\"address\":{\"country\":\"USA\"}}"}) {
    category
    content
    createdAt
    group
    id
    location {
      address {
        country
      }
    }
    priority
    severity
    status
  }
}

Defining enhanced filters from the client

You can use basic filtering in GraphQL with subscriptions arguments. The client that makes the call in the subscription query defines the arguments' values. When enhanced filters are enabled in an Amazon AppSync subscription resolver with the extensions filtering, backend filters defined in the resolver take precedence and priority.

Configure dynamic, client-defined enhanced filters using a filter argument in the subscription. When you configure these filters, you must update the GraphQL schema to reflect the new argument:

...
type Subscription {
    onSpecialTicketCreated(filter: String): Ticket
        @aws_subscribe(mutations: ["createTicket"])
}
...

The client can then send a subscription query like in the following example:

subscription onSpecialTicketCreated($filter: String) {
     onSpecialTicketCreated(filter: $filter) {
        id
        group
        description
        priority
        severity
     }
 }

You can configure the query variable like the following example:

{"filter" : "{\"severity\":{\"le\":2}}"}

The util.transform.toSubscriptionFilter() resolver utility can be implemented in the subscription response mapping template to apply the filter defined in the subscription argument for each client:

import { util, extensions } from '@aws-appsync/utils';

export function request(ctx) {
	// simplfy return null for the payload
	return { payload: null };
}

export function response(ctx) {
	const filter = ctx.args.filter;
	extensions.setSubscriptionFilter(util.transform.toSubscriptionFilter(filter));
	return null;
}

With this strategy, clients can define their own filters that use enhanced filtering logic and additional operators. Filters are assigned when a given client invokes the subscription query in a secure WebSocket connection. For more information about the transform utility for enhanced filtering, including the format of the filter query variable payload, see JavaScript resolvers overview.

Additional enhanced filtering restrictions

Below are several use cases where additional restrictions are placed on enhanced filters: