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Optimizing reads with pushdown in Amazon Glue ETL

Pushdown is an optimization technique that pushes logic about retrieving data closer to the source of your data. The source could be a database or a file system such as Amazon S3. When executing certain operations directly on the source, you can save time and processing power by not bringing all the data over the network to the Spark engine managed by Amazon Glue.

Another way of saying this is that pushdown reduces data scan. For more information about the process of identifying when this technique is appropriate, consult Reduce the amount of data scan in the Best practices for performance tuning Amazon Glue for Apache Spark jobs guide on Amazon Prescriptive Guidance.

Predicate pushdown on files stored on Amazon S3

When working with files on Amazon S3 that have been organized by prefix, you can filter your target Amazon S3 paths by defining a pushdown predicate. Rather than reading the complete dataset and applying filters within a DynamicFrame, you can directly apply the filter to the partition metadata stored in the Amazon Glue Data Catalog. This approach allows you to selectively list and read only the necessary data. For more information about this process, including writing to a bucket by partitions, see Managing partitions for ETL output in Amazon Glue.

You achieve predicate pushdown in Amazon S3 by using the push_down_predicate parameter. Consider a bucket in Amazon S3 you've partitioned by year, month and day. If you want to retrieve customer data for June of 2022, you can instruct Amazon Glue to read only relevant Amazon S3 paths. The push_down_predicate in this case is year='2022' and month='06'. Putting it all together, the read operation can be achieved as below:

Python

customer_records = glueContext.create_dynamic_frame.from_catalog( 
    database = "customer_db", 
    table_name = "customer_tbl",
    push_down_predicate = "year='2022' and month='06'"
)

Scala

val customer_records = glueContext.getCatalogSource(
database="customer_db", 
tableName="customer_tbl", 
pushDownPredicate="year='2022' and month='06'"
).getDynamicFrame()

In the previous scenario, push_down_predicate retrieves a list of all partitions from the Amazon Glue Data Catalog and filters them before reading the underlying Amazon S3 files. Though this helps in most cases, when working with datasets that have millions of partitions, the process of listing partitions can be time consuming. To address this issue, server-side pruning of partitions can be used to improve performance. This is done by building a Partition index for your data in the Amazon Glue Data Catalog. For more information about partition indices, see Working with partition indexes in Amazon Glue. You can then use the catalogPartitionPredicate option to reference the index. For an example retrieving partitions with catalogPartitionPredicate, see Server-side filtering using catalog partition predicates.

Pushdown when working with JDBC sources

The Amazon Glue JDBC reader used in the GlueContext supports pushdown on supported databases by providing custom SQL queries that can run directly on the source. This can be achieved by setting the sampleQuery parameter. Your sample query can specify which columns to select as well as provide a pushdown predicate to limit the data transferred to the Spark engine.

By default, sample queries operate on a single node, which can result in job failures when dealing with large data volumes. To use this feature to query data at scale, you should configure query partitioning by setting enablePartitioningForSampleQuery to true, which will distribute the query to multiple nodes across a key of your choice. Query partitioning also requires a few other necessary configuration parameters. For more information about query partitioning, see Reading from JDBC tables in parallel.

When setting enablePartitioningForSampleQuery, Amazon Glue will combine your pushdown predicate with a partitioning predicate when querying your database. Your sampleQuery must end with an AND for Amazon Glue to append partitioning conditions. (If you do not provide a pushdown predicate, sampleQuery must end with an WHERE). See an example below, where we push down a predicate to only retrieve rows whose id is greater than 1000. This sampleQuery will only return the name and location columns for rows where id is greater than the specified value:

Python

sample_query = "select name, location from customer_tbl WHERE id>=1000 AND"
customer_records = glueContext.create_dynamic_frame.from_catalog(
    database="customer_db",
    table_name="customer_tbl",
    sample_query = "select name, location from customer_tbl WHERE id>=1000 AND",

    additional_options = { 
                           "hashpartitions": 36 , 
                           "hashfield":"id",
                           "enablePartitioningForSampleQuery":True, 
                           "sampleQuery":sample_query
                          }
)

Scala

val additionalOptions = Map( 
        "hashpartitions" -> "36", 
        "hashfield" -> "id", 
        "enablePartitioningForSampleQuery" -> "true", 
        "sampleQuery" -> "select name, location from customer_tbl WHERE id >= 1000 AND"
        )
 
    val customer_records = glueContext.getCatalogSource(
        database="customer_db", 
        tableName="customer_tbl").getDynamicFrame()
                    

You can also query against JDBC tables without integrating with the Amazon Glue Data Catalog. Instead of providing username and password as parameters to the method, you can reuse credentials from a preexisting connection by providing useConnectionProperties and connectionName. In this example, we retrieve credentials from a connection called my_postgre_connection.

Python

connection_options_dict = {
    "useConnectionProperties": True,
    "connectionName": "my_postgre_connection",
    "dbtable":"customer_tbl",
    "sampleQuery":"select name, location from customer_tbl WHERE id>=1000 AND",
    "enablePartitioningForSampleQuery":True,
    "hashfield":"id",
    "hashpartitions":36
    }

customer_records = glueContext.create_dynamic_frame.from_options(
    connection_type="postgresql",
    connection_options=connection_options_dict
    )

Scala

val connectionOptionsJson = """
      {
        "useConnectionProperties": true,
        "connectionName": "my_postgre_connection",
        "dbtable": "customer_tbl",
        "sampleQuery": "select name, location from customer_tbl WHERE id>=1000 AND",
        "enablePartitioningForSampleQuery" : true,
        "hashfield" : "id",
        "hashpartitions" : 36
      }
    """
    
    val connectionOptions = new JsonOptions(connectionOptionsJson)
    
    val dyf = glueContext.getSource("postgresql", connectionOptions).getDynamicFrame()

Notes and limitations for pushdown in Amazon Glue

Pushdown, as a concept, is applicable when reading from non-streaming sources. Amazon Glue supports a variety of sources - the ability to pushdown depends on the source and connector.