Logging with CloudTrail
Amazon Redshift, data sharing, Amazon Redshift Serverless, Amazon Redshift Data API, and query editor v2 are all integrated with Amazon CloudTrail. CloudTrail is a service that provides a record of actions taken by a user, role, or an Amazon service in Amazon Redshift. CloudTrail captures all API calls for Amazon Redshift as events. The calls captured include calls from the Redshift console and code calls to the Redshift operations.
If you create a CloudTrail trail, you can have continuous delivery of CloudTrail events to an Amazon S3 bucket, including events for Redshift. If you don't configure a trail, you can still view the most recent events in the CloudTrail console in Event history. Using the information collected by CloudTrail, you can determine certain things. These include the request that was made to Redshift, the IP address from which the request was made, who made the request, when it was made, and additional details.
You can use CloudTrail independently from or in addition to Amazon Redshift database audit logging.
To learn more about CloudTrail, see the Amazon CloudTrail User Guide.
Information in CloudTrail
CloudTrail is turned on in your Amazon account when you create the account. When activity occurs, that activity is recorded in a CloudTrail event along with other Amazon service events in Event history. You can view, search, and download recent events in your Amazon account. For more information, see Viewing Events with CloudTrail Event History in the Amazon CloudTrail User Guide.
For an ongoing record of events in your Amazon account, including events for Redshift, create a trail. CloudTrail uses trails to deliver log files to an Amazon S3 bucket. By default, when you create a trail in the console, the trail applies to all Amazon Regions. The trail logs events from all Regions in the Amazon partition and delivers the log files to the Amazon S3 bucket that you specify. Additionally, you can configure other Amazon services to further analyze and act upon the event data collected in CloudTrail logs. For more information, see the following in the Amazon CloudTrail User Guide:
All Amazon Redshift, Amazon Redshift Serverless, Data API, data sharing, and query editor v2 actions are logged
by CloudTrail.
For example, calls to the AuthorizeDatashare, CreateNamespace,
ExecuteStatement, and CreateConnection actions generate
entries in the CloudTrail log files.
Every event or log entry contains information about who generated the request. The identity information helps you determine the following:
-
Whether the request was made with root or user credentials.
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Whether the request was made with temporary security credentials for a role or federated user.
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Whether the request was made by another Amazon service.
For more information, see CloudTrail userIdentity Element in the Amazon CloudTrail User Guide.
Log files entries
A trail is a configuration that allows for delivery of events as log files to an Amazon S3 bucket that you specify. CloudTrail log files contain one or more log entries. An event represents a single request from any source and includes information about the requested action, the date and time of the action, request parameters, and so on. CloudTrail log files aren't an ordered stack trace of the public API calls, so they don't appear in any specific order.
Amazon Redshift Datashare example
The following example shows a CloudTrail log entry that illustrates the
AuthorizeDataShare operation.
{ "eventVersion": "1.08", "userIdentity": { "type": "AssumedRole", "principalId": "AKIAIOSFODNN7EXAMPLE:janedoe", "arn": "arn:aws:sts::111122223333:user/janedoe", "accountId": "111122223333", "accessKeyId": "AKIAI44QH8DHBEXAMPLE", "sessionContext": { "sessionIssuer": { "type": "Role", "principalId": "AKIAIOSFODNN7EXAMPLE:janedoe", "arn": "arn:aws:sts::111122223333:user/janedoe", "accountId": "111122223333", "userName": "janedoe" }, "attributes": { "creationDate": "2021-08-02T23:40:45Z", "mfaAuthenticated": "false" } } }, "eventTime": "2021-08-02T23:40:58Z", "eventSource": "redshift.amazonaws.com", "eventName": "AuthorizeDataShare", "awsRegion": "us-east-1", "sourceIPAddress": "3.227.36.75", "userAgent":"aws-cli/1.18.118 Python/3.6.10 Linux/4.9.217-0.1.ac.205.84.332.metal1.x86_64 botocore/1.17.41", "requestParameters": { "dataShareArn": "arn:aws:redshift:us-east-1:111122223333:datashare:4c64c6ec-73d5-42be-869b-b7f7c43c7a53/testshare", "consumerIdentifier": "555555555555" }, "responseElements": { "dataShareArn": "arn:aws:redshift:us-east-1:111122223333:datashare:4c64c6ec-73d5-42be-869b-b7f7c43c7a53/testshare", "producerNamespaceArn": "arn:aws:redshift:us-east-1:123456789012:namespace:4c64c6ec-73d5-42be-869b-b7f7c43c7a53", "producerArn": "arn:aws:redshift:us-east-1:111122223333:namespace:4c64c6ec-73d5-42be-869b-b7f7c43c7a53", "allowPubliclyAccessibleConsumers": true, "dataShareAssociations": [ { "consumerIdentifier": "555555555555", "status": "AUTHORIZED", "createdDate": "Aug 2, 2021 11:40:56 PM", "statusChangeDate": "Aug 2, 2021 11:40:57 PM" } ] }, "requestID": "87ee1c99-9e41-42be-a5c4-00495f928422", "eventID": "03a3d818-37c8-46a6-aad5-0151803bdb09", "readOnly": false, "eventType": "AwsApiCall", "managementEvent": true, "recipientAccountId": "111122223333", "eventCategory": "Management" }
Amazon Redshift Serverless example
Amazon Redshift Serverless is integrated with Amazon CloudTrail to provide a record of actions taken in Amazon Redshift Serverless. CloudTrail captures all API calls for Amazon Redshift Serverless as events. For more information about Amazon Redshift Serverless features, see Amazon Redshift Serverless feature overview.
The following example shows a CloudTrail log entry that demonstrates the
CreateNamespace action.
{ "eventVersion": "1.08", "userIdentity": { "type": "AssumedRole", "principalId": "AAKEOFPINEXAMPLE:admin", "arn": "arn:aws:sts::111111111111:assumed-role/admin/admin", "accountId": "111111111111", "accessKeyId": "AAKEOFPINEXAMPLE", "sessionContext": { "sessionIssuer": { "type": "Role", "principalId": "AAKEOFPINEXAMPLE", "arn": "arn:aws:iam::111111111111:role/admin", "accountId": "111111111111", "userName": "admin" }, "webIdFederationData": {}, "attributes": { "creationDate": "2022-03-21T20:51:58Z", "mfaAuthenticated": "false" } } }, "eventTime": "2022-03-21T23:15:40Z", "eventSource": "redshift-serverless.amazonaws.com", "eventName": "CreateNamespace", "awsRegion": "us-east-1", "sourceIPAddress": "56.23.155.33", "userAgent": "aws-cli/2.4.14 Python/3.8.8 Linux/5.4.181-109.354.amzn2int.x86_64 exe/x86_64.amzn.2 prompt/off command/redshift-serverless.create-namespace", "requestParameters": { "adminUserPassword": "HIDDEN_DUE_TO_SECURITY_REASONS", "adminUsername": "HIDDEN_DUE_TO_SECURITY_REASONS", "dbName": "dev", "namespaceName": "testnamespace" }, "responseElements": { "namespace": { "adminUsername": "HIDDEN_DUE_TO_SECURITY_REASONS", "creationDate": "Mar 21, 2022 11:15:40 PM", "defaultIamRoleArn": "", "iamRoles": [], "logExports": [], "namespaceArn": "arn:aws:redshift-serverless:us-east-1:111111111111:namespace/befa5123-16c2-4449-afca-1d27cb40fc99", "namespaceId": "8b726a0c-16ca-4799-acca-1d27cb403599", "namespaceName": "testnamespace", "status": "AVAILABLE" } }, "requestID": "ed4bb777-8127-4dae-aea3-bac009999163", "eventID": "1dbee944-f889-4beb-b228-7ad0f312464", "readOnly": false, "eventType": "AwsApiCall", "managementEvent": true, "recipientAccountId": "111111111111", "eventCategory": "Management", }
Amazon Redshift Data API examples
The following example shows a CloudTrail log entry that demonstrates the
ExecuteStatement action.
{ "eventVersion":"1.05", "userIdentity":{ "type":"IAMUser", "principalId":"AKIAIOSFODNN7EXAMPLE:janedoe", "arn":"arn:aws:sts::123456789012:user/janedoe", "accountId":"123456789012", "accessKeyId":"AKIAI44QH8DHBEXAMPLE", "userName": "janedoe" }, "eventTime":"2020-08-19T17:55:59Z", "eventSource":"redshift-data.amazonaws.com", "eventName":"ExecuteStatement", "awsRegion":"us-east-1", "sourceIPAddress":"192.0.2.0", "userAgent":"aws-cli/1.18.118 Python/3.6.10 Linux/4.9.217-0.1.ac.205.84.332.metal1.x86_64 botocore/1.17.41", "requestParameters":{ "clusterIdentifier":"example-cluster-identifier", "database":"example-database-name", "dbUser":"example_db_user_name", "sql":"***OMITTED***" }, "responseElements":{ "clusterIdentifier":"example-cluster-identifier", "createdAt":"Aug 19, 2020 5:55:58 PM", "database":"example-database-name", "dbUser":"example_db_user_name", "id":"5c52b37b-9e07-40c1-98de-12ccd1419be7" }, "requestID":"00c924d3-652e-4939-8a7a-cd0612eeb8ac", "eventID":"c1fb7076-102f-43e5-9ec9-40820bcc1175", "readOnly":false, "eventType":"AwsApiCall", "recipientAccountId":"123456789012" }
The following example shows a CloudTrail log entry that demonstrates the
ExecuteStatement action showing the clientToken used for
idempotency.
{ "eventVersion":"1.05", "userIdentity":{ "type":"IAMUser", "principalId":"AKIAIOSFODNN7EXAMPLE:janedoe", "arn":"arn:aws:sts::123456789012:user/janedoe", "accountId":"123456789012", "accessKeyId":"AKIAI44QH8DHBEXAMPLE", "userName": "janedoe" }, "eventTime":"2020-08-19T17:55:59Z", "eventSource":"redshift-data.amazonaws.com", "eventName":"ExecuteStatement", "awsRegion":"us-east-1", "sourceIPAddress":"192.0.2.0", "userAgent":"aws-cli/1.18.118 Python/3.6.10 Linux/4.9.217-0.1.ac.205.84.332.metal1.x86_64 botocore/1.17.41", "requestParameters":{ "clusterIdentifier":"example-cluster-identifier", "database":"example-database-name", "dbUser":"example_db_user_name", "sql":"***OMITTED***", "clientToken":"32db2e10-69ac-4534-b3fc-a191052616ce" }, "responseElements":{ "clusterIdentifier":"example-cluster-identifier", "createdAt":"Aug 19, 2020 5:55:58 PM", "database":"example-database-name", "dbUser":"example_db_user_name", "id":"5c52b37b-9e07-40c1-98de-12ccd1419be7" }, "requestID":"00c924d3-652e-4939-8a7a-cd0612eeb8ac", "eventID":"c1fb7076-102f-43e5-9ec9-40820bcc1175", "readOnly":false, "eventType":"AwsApiCall", "recipientAccountId":"123456789012" }
Amazon Redshift query editor v2 example
The following example shows a CloudTrail log entry that demonstrates the
CreateConnection action.
{ "eventVersion": "1.08", "userIdentity": { "type": "AssumedRole", "principalId": "AAKEOFPINEXAMPLE:session", "arn": "arn:aws:sts::123456789012:assumed-role/MyRole/session", "accountId": "123456789012", "accessKeyId": "AKIAI44QH8DHBEXAMPLE", "sessionContext": { "sessionIssuer": { "type": "Role", "principalId": "AAKEOFPINEXAMPLE", "arn": "arn:aws:iam::123456789012:role/MyRole", "accountId": "123456789012", "userName": "MyRole" }, "webIdFederationData": {}, "attributes": { "creationDate": "2022-09-21T17:19:02Z", "mfaAuthenticated": "false" } } }, "eventTime": "2022-09-21T22:22:05Z", "eventSource": "sqlworkbench.amazonaws.com", "eventName": "CreateConnection", "awsRegion": "ca-central-1", "sourceIPAddress": "192.2.0.2", "userAgent": "Mozilla/5.0 (Macintosh; Intel Mac OS X 10.15; rv:102.0) Gecko/20100101 Firefox/102.0", "requestParameters": { "password": "***", "databaseName": "***", "isServerless": false, "name": "***", "host": "redshift-cluster-2.c8robpbxvbf9.ca-central-1.redshift.amazonaws.com", "authenticationType": "***", "clusterId": "redshift-cluster-2", "username": "***", "tags": { "sqlworkbench-resource-owner": "AAKEOFPINEXAMPLE:session" } }, "responseElements": { "result": true, "code": "", "data": { "id": "arn:aws:sqlworkbench:ca-central-1:123456789012:connection/ce56b1be-dd65-4bfb-8b17-12345123456", "name": "***", "authenticationType": "***", "databaseName": "***", "secretArn": "arn:aws:secretsmanager:ca-central-1:123456789012:secret:sqlworkbench!7da333b4-9a07-4917-b1dc-12345123456-qTCoFm", "clusterId": "redshift-cluster-2", "dbUser": "***", "userSettings": "***", "recordDate": "2022-09-21 22:22:05", "updatedDate": "2022-09-21 22:22:05", "accountId": "123456789012", "tags": { "sqlworkbench-resource-owner": "AAKEOFPINEXAMPLE:session" }, "isServerless": false } }, "requestID": "9b82f483-9c03-4cdd-bb49-a7009e7da714", "eventID": "a7cdd442-e92f-46a2-bc82-2325588d41c3", "readOnly": false, "eventType": "AwsApiCall", "managementEvent": true, "recipientAccountId": "123456789012", "eventCategory": "Management" }
Amazon Redshift account IDs in Amazon CloudTrail logs
When Amazon Redshift calls another Amazon service for you, the call is logged with an account
ID that belongs to Amazon Redshift. It isn't logged with your account ID. For example, suppose
that Amazon Redshift calls Amazon Key Management Service (Amazon KMS) operations such as CreateGrant,
Decrypt, Encrypt, and RetireGrant to manage
encryption on your cluster. In this case, the calls are logged by Amazon CloudTrail using an
Amazon Redshift account ID.
Amazon Redshift uses the account IDs in the following table when calling other Amazon services.
| Region | Region | Account ID |
|---|---|---|
| US East (N. Virginia) Region | us-east-1 | 368064434614 |
| US East (Ohio) Region | us-east-2 | 790247189693 |
| US West (N. California) Region | us-west-1 | 703715109447 |
| US West (Oregon) Region | us-west-2 | 473191095985 |
| Africa (Cape Town) Region | af-south-1 | 420376844563 |
| Asia Pacific (Hong Kong) Region | ap-east-1 | 651179539253 |
| Asia Pacific (Hyderabad) Region | ap-south-2 | 297058826802 |
| Asia Pacific (Jakarta) Region | ap-southeast-3 | 623197973179 |
| Asia Pacific (Malaysia) Region | ap-southeast-5 | 590184011157 |
| Asia Pacific (Melbourne) Region | ap-southeast-4 | 945512339897 |
| Asia Pacific (Mumbai) Region | ap-south-1 | 408097707231 |
| Asia Pacific (Osaka) Region | ap-northeast-3 | 398671365691 |
| Asia Pacific (Seoul) Region | ap-northeast-2 | 713597048934 |
| Asia Pacific (Singapore) Region | ap-southeast-1 | 960118270566 |
| Asia Pacific (Sydney) Region | ap-southeast-2 | 485979073181 |
| Asia Pacific (Tokyo) Region | ap-northeast-1 | 615915377779 |
| Canada (Central) Region | ca-central-1 | 764870610256 |
| Canada West (Calgary) Region | ca-west-1 | 830903446466 |
| China (Beijing) Region | cn-north-1 | 066403562008 |
| China (Ningxia) Region | cn-northwest-1 | 194116488714 |
| Europe (Frankfurt) Region | eu-central-1 | 434091160558 |
| Europe (Ireland) Region | eu-west-1 | 246478207311 |
| Europe (London) Region | eu-west-2 | 885798887673 |
| Europe (Milan) Region | eu-south-1 | 041313461515 |
| Europe (Paris) Region | eu-west-3 | 694668203235 |
| Europe (Spain) Region | eu-south-2 | 028811157404 |
| Europe (Stockholm) Region | eu-north-1 | 553461782468 |
| Europe (Zurich) Region | eu-central-2 | 668912161003 |
| Israel (Tel Aviv) Region | il-central-1 | 901883065212 |
| Middle East (Bahrain) Region | me-south-1 | 051362938876 |
| Middle East (UAE) Region | me-central-1 | 595013617770 |
| South America (São Paulo) Region | sa-east-1 | 392442076723 |
The following example shows a CloudTrail log entry for the Amazon KMS Decrypt operation that was called by Amazon Redshift.
{ "eventVersion": "1.05", "userIdentity": { "type": "AssumedRole", "principalId": "AROAI5QPCMKLTL4VHFCYY:i-0f53e22dbe5df8a89", "arn": "arn:aws:sts::790247189693:assumed-role/prod-23264-role-wp/i-0f53e22dbe5df8a89", "accountId": "790247189693", "accessKeyId": "AKIAIOSFODNN7EXAMPLE", "sessionContext": { "attributes": { "mfaAuthenticated": "false", "creationDate": "2017-03-03T16:24:54Z" }, "sessionIssuer": { "type": "Role", "principalId": "AROAI5QPCMKLTL4VHFCYY", "arn": "arn:aws:iam::790247189693:role/prod-23264-role-wp", "accountId": "790247189693", "userName": "prod-23264-role-wp" } } }, "eventTime": "2017-03-03T17:16:51Z", "eventSource": "kms.amazonaws.com", "eventName": "Decrypt", "awsRegion": "us-east-2", "sourceIPAddress": "52.14.143.61", "userAgent": "aws-internal/3", "requestParameters": { "encryptionContext": { "aws:redshift:createtime": "20170303T1710Z", "aws:redshift:arn": "arn:aws:redshift:us-east-2:123456789012:cluster:my-dw-instance-2" } }, "responseElements": null, "requestID": "30d2fe51-0035-11e7-ab67-17595a8411c8", "eventID": "619bad54-1764-4de4-a786-8898b0a7f40c", "readOnly": true, "resources": [ { "ARN": "arn:aws:kms:us-east-2:123456789012:key/f8f4f94f-e588-4254-b7e8-078b99270be7", "accountId": "123456789012", "type": "AWS::KMS::Key" } ], "eventType": "AwsApiCall", "recipientAccountId": "123456789012", "sharedEventID": "c1daefea-a5c2-4fab-b6f4-d8eaa1e522dc" }